Assembly Language free essay sample

In other words, assembly language programs are specific to a particular hardware. Assembly language programs for a Mac will not work on a PC. But this can be an advantage for programmers who are targeting a specific platform and need full control over the hardware. Table of Contents:| 1. Introduction 2. Basic Concepts Assembler language Basic concepts Using debug program| | 3. Assembler programming Assembly process More assembler programs Types of instructions 4. Assembler language instructions Transfer instructions Loading instructions Stack instructions Logic instructions Arithmetic instructions Jump instructions Instructions for cycles: loop Counting Instructions Comparison Instructions Flag Instructions 5. Interruptions and file managing Internal hardware interruptions External hardware interruptions Software interruptions Most Common interruptions 6. Macros and procedures| INTRODUCTION In the introductory section some of the elemental concepts regarding computer systems are mentioned, along with the concepts of the assembly language itself, and continues with the tutorial itself. Why learn assembler language The first reason to work with assembler is that it provides the opportunity of knowing more the operation of your PC, which allows the development of software in a more consistent manner. The second reason is the total control of the PC which you can have with the use of the assembler. Another reason is that the assembly programs are quicker, smaller, and have larger capacities than ones created with other languages. Lastly, the assembler allows an ideal optimization in programs, be it on their size or on their execution. Assembler language Basic conceptsInformation UnitsIn order for the PC to process information, it is necessary that this information be in special cells called registers. The registers are groups of 8 or 16 flip-flops. A flip-flop is a device capable of storing two levels of voltage, a low one, regularly 0. 5 volts, and another one, commonly of 5 volts. The low level of energy in the flip-flop is interpreted as off or 0, and the high level as on or 1. These states are usually known as bits, which are the smallest information unit in a computer. A group of 16 bits is known as word; a word can be divided in groups of 8 bits called bytes, and the groups of 4 bits are called nibbles. Numeric systemsThe numeric system we use daily is the decimal system, but this system is not convenient for machines since the information is handled codified in the shape of on or off bits; this way of codifying takes us to the necessity of knowing the positional calculation which will allow us to express a number in any base where we need it. It is possible to represent a determined number in any base through the following formula:Where n is the position of the digit beginning from right to left and numbering from zero. D is the digit on which we operate and B is the used numeric base. TOPConverting binary numbers to decimalsWhen working with assembly language we come on the necessity of converting numbers from the binary system, which is used by computers, to the decimal system used by people. The binary system is based on only two conditions or states, be it on(1) or off(0), thus its base is two. For the conversion we can use the positional value formula:For example, if we have the binary number of 10011, we take each digit from right to left and multiply it by the base, elevated to the new position they are:Binary: 1 1 0 0 1Decimal: 1*2^0 + 1*2^1 + 0*2^2 + 0*2^3 + 1*2^4= 1 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 16 = 19 decimal. The ^ character is used in computation as an exponent symbol and the * character is used to represent multiplication. Converting decimal numbers to binaryThere are several methods to convert decimal numbers to binary; only one will be analyzed here. Naturally a conversion with a scientific calculator is much easier, but one cannot always count with one, so it is convenient to at least know one formula to do it. The method that will be explained uses the successive division of two, keeping the residue as a binary digit and the result as the next number to divide. Let us take for example the decimal number of 43. 43/2=21 and its residue is 121/2=10 and its residue is 110/2=5 and its residue is 05/2=2 and its residue is 12/2=1 and its residue is 01/2=0 and its residue is 1Building the number from the bottom , we get that the binary result is 101011Hexadecimal systemOn the hexadecimal base we have 16 digits which go from 0 to 9 and from the letter A to the F, these letters represent the numbers from 10 to 15. Thus we count 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, and F. The conversion between binary and hexadecimal numbers is easy. The first thing done to do a conversion of a binary number to a hexadecimal is to divide it in groups of 4 bits, beginning from the right to the left. In case the last group, the one most to the left, is under or less than 4 bits, the missing places are filled with zeros. Taking as an example the binary number of 101011, we divide it in 4 bits groups and we are left with:10;1011Filling the last group with zeros (the one from the left):0010;1011Afterwards we take each group as an independent number and we consider its decimal value:0010=2;1011=11But since we cannot represent this hexadecimal number as 211 because it would be an error, we have to substitute all the values greater than 9 by their respective representation in hexadecimal, with which we obtain:2BH, where the H represents the hexadecimal base. In order to convert a hexadecimal number to binary it is only necessary to invert the steps: the first hexadecimal digit is taken and converted to binary, and then the second, and so on. Data representation methods in a computer. ASCII codeASCII is an acronym of American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This code assigns the letters of the alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9 and some additional symbols a binary number of 7 bits, putting the 8th bit in its off state or 0. This way each letter, digit or special character occupies one byte in the computer memory. We can observe that this method of data representation is very inefficient on the numeric aspect, since in binary format one byte is not enough to represent numbers from 0 to 255, but on the other hand with the ASCII code one byte may represent only one digit. Due to this inefficiency, the ASCII code is mainly used in the memory to represent text. BCD MethodBCD is an acronym of Binary Coded Decimal. In this notation groups of 4 bits are used to represent each decimal digit from 0 to 9. With this method we can represent two digits per byte of information. Even when this method is much more practical for number representation in the memory compared to the ASCII code, it still less practical than the binary since with the BCD method we can only represent digits from 0 to 99. On the other hand in binary format we can represent all digits from 0 to 255. This format is mainly used to represent very large numbers in mercantile applications since it facilitates operations avoiding mistakes. Floating point representationThis representation is based on scientific notation; this is, to represent a number in two parts: its base and its exponent. As an example, the number 1234000, can be represented as 1. 23*10^6, in this last notation the exponent indicates to us the number of spaces that the decimal point must be moved to the right to obtain the original result. In case the exponent was negative, it would be indicating to us the number of spaces that the decimal point must be moved to the left to obtain the original result. Using Debug programP rogram creation processFor the creation of a program it is necessary to follow five steps: * Design of the algorithm, stage the problem to be solved is established and the best solution is proposed, creating squematic diagrams used for the better solution proposal. Coding the algorithm, consists in writing the program in some programming language; assembly language in this specific case, taking as a base the proposed solution on the prior step. * Translation to machine language is the creation of the object program, in other words, the written program as a sequence of zeros and ones that can be interpreted by the processor. * Test the program, after the translation the program into machine language, execute the program in the computer machine. * The last stage is the elimination of detected faults on the program on the test stage. The correction of a fault normally requires the repetition of all the steps from the first or second. CPU RegistersThe CPU has 4 internal registers, each one of 16 bits. The first four, AX, BX, CX, and DX are general use registers and can also be used as 8 bit registers, if used in such a way it is necessary to refer to them for example as: AH and AL, which are the high and low bytes of the AX register. This nomenclature is also applicable to the BX, CX, and DX registers. The registers known by their specific names:AX Accumulator BX Base register CX Counting register DX Data register DS Data segment register ES Extra segment register SS Battery segment register CS Code segment register BP Base pointers register SI Source index register DI Destiny index register SP Battery pointer register IP Next instruction pointer register F Flag registerDebug programTo create a program in assembler two options exist, the first one is to use the TASM or Turbo Assembler, of Borland, and the second one is to use the debugger on this first section we will use this last one since it is found in any PC with the MS-DOS, which makes it available to any user who has access to a machine with these characteristics. Debug can only create files with a . COM extension, and because of the characteristics of these kinds of programs they cannot be larger than 64 kb, and they also must start with displacement, offset, or 0100H memory direction inside the specific segment. Debug provides a set of commands that lets you perform a number of useful operations:A Assemble symbolic instructions into machine code D Display the contents of an area of memory E Enter data into memory, beginning at a specific location G Run the executable program in memory N Name a program P Proceed, or execute a set of related instructions Q Quit the debug program R Display the contents of one or more registers T Trace the contents of one instruction U Unassembled machine code into symbolic code W Write a program onto diskIt is possible to visualize the values of the internal registers of the CPU using the Debug program. To begin working with Debug, type the following prompt in your computer:C:/gt;Debug [Enter]On the next line a dash will appear, this is the indicator of Debug, at this moment the instructions of Debug can be introduced using the following command:-r[Enter]AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0D62 ES=0D62 SS=0D62 CS=0D62 IP=0100 NV EI PL NZ NA PO NC 0D62:0100 2E CS: D62:0101 803ED3DF00 CMP BYTE PTR [DFD3],00 CS:DFD3=03All the contents of the internal registers of the CPU are displayed; an alternative of viewing them is to use the r command using as a parameter the name of the register whose value wants to be seen. For example:-rbx BX 0000 :This instruction will only display the content of the BX register and the Debug indicator changes from - to :When the prompt is like this, it is possible to change the value of the register which was seen by typing the new value and [Enter], or the old value can be left by pressing [Enter] without typing any other value. TOPAssembler structureIn assembly language code lines have two parts, the first one is the name of the instruction which is to be executed, and the second one are the parameters of the command. For example: add ah bhHere add is the command to be executed, in this case an addition, and ah as well as bh are the parameters. For example:mov al, 25In the above example, we are using the instruction mov, it means move the value 25 to al register. The name of the instructions in this language is made of two, three or four letters. These instructions are also called mnemonic names or operation codes, since they represent a function the processor will perform. Sometimes instructions are used as follows:add al,[170]The brackets in the second parameter indicate to us that we are going to work with the content of the memory cell number 170 and not with the 170 value, this is known as direct addressing. Creating basic assembler programThe first step is to initiate the Debug, this step only consists of typing debug[Enter] on the operative system prompt. To assemble a program on the Debug, the a (assemble) command is used; when this command is used, the address where you want the assembling to begin can be given as a parameter, if the parameter is omitted the assembling will be initiated at the locality specified by CS:IP, usually 0100h, which is the locality where programs with . COM extension must be initiated. And it will be the place we will use since only Debug can create this specific type of programs. Even though at this moment it is not necessary to give the a command a parameter, it is recommendable to do so to avoid problems once the CS:IP registers are used, therefore we type:a 100[enter] mov ax,0002[enter] mov bx,0004[enter] add ax,bx[enter] nop[enter][enter]What does the program do? , move the value 0002 to the ax register, move the value 0004 to the bx register, add the contents of the ax and bx registers, the instruction, no operation, to finish the program. In the debug program. After to do this, appear on the screen some like the follow lines:C:\gt;debug -a 100 0D62:0100 mov ax,0002 0D62:0103 mov bx,0004 0D62:0106 add ax,bx 0D62:0108 nop 0D62:0109Type the command t (trace), to execute each instruction of this program, example:-tAX=0002 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0D62 ES=0D62 SS=0D62 CS=0D62 IP=0103 NV EI PL NZ NA PO NC 0D62:0103 BB0400 MOV BX,0004You see that the value 2 move to AX register. Type the command t (trace), again, and you see the second instruction is executed. tAX=0002 BX=0004 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0D62 ES=0D62 SS=0D62 CS=0D62 IP=0106 NV EI PL NZ NA PO NC 0D62:0106 01D8 ADD AX,BXType the command t (trace) to see the instruction add is executed, you will see the follow lines:-tAX=0006 BX=0004 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0D62 ES=0D62 SS=0D62 CS=0D62 IP=0108 NV EI PL NZ NA PE NC 0D62:0108 90 NOPThe possibility that the registers contain different values exists, but AX and BX must be the same, since they are the ones we just modified. To exit Debug use the q (quit) command. TOPStoring and loading the programsIt would not seem practical to type an entire program each time it is needed, and to avoid this it is possible to store a program on the disk, with the enormous advantage that by being already assembled it will not be necessary to run Debug again to execute it. The steps to save a program that it is already stored on memory are:Obtain the length of the program subtracting the final address from the initial address, naturally in hexadecimal system. Give the program a name and extension. Put the length of the program on the CX register. Order Debug to write the program on the disk. By using as an example the following program, we will have a clearer idea of how to take these steps:When the program is finally assembled it would look like this:0C1B:0100 mov ax,0002 0C1B:0103 mov bx,0004 0C1B:0106 add ax,bx 0C1B:0108 int 20 0C1B:010ATo obtain the length of a program the h command is used, since it will show us the addition and subtraction of two numbers in hexadecimal. To obtain the length of ours, we give it as parameters the value of our programs final address (10A), and the programs initial address (100). The first result the command shows us is the addition of the parameters and the second is the subtraction. h 10a 100 020a 000aThe n command allows us to name the program. -n test. comThe rcx command allows us to change the content of the CX register to the value we obtained from the size of the file with h, in this case 000a, since the result of the subtraction of the final address from the initial address. -rcx CX 0000 :000aLastly, the w command writes our pr ogram on the disk, indicating how many bytes it wrote. -w Writing 000A bytesTo save an already loaded file two steps are necessary:Give the name of the file to be loaded. Load it using the l (load) command. To obtain the correct result of the following steps, it is necessary that the above program be already created. Inside Debug we write the following:-n test. com -l -u 100 109 0C3D:0100 B80200 MOV AX,0002 0C3D:0103 BB0400 MOV BX,0004 0C3D:0106 01D8 ADD AX,BX 0C3D:0108 CD20 INT 20The last u command is used to verify that the program was loaded on memory. What it does is that it disassembles the code and shows it disassembled. The parameters indicate to Debug from where and to where to disassemble. Debug always loads the programs on memory on the address 100H, otherwise indicated. | | Assembler programming| Table of ContentsBuilding Assembler programs Assembly process More assembler programs Types of instructionsBuilding Assembler programsIn order to be able to create a program, several tools are needed:First an editor to create the source program. Second a compiler, which is nothing more than a program that translates the source program into an object program. And third, a linker that generates the executable program from the object program. The editor can be any text editor at hand, and as a compiler we will use the TASM macro assembler from Borland, and as a linker we will use the Tlink program. The extension used so that TASM recognizes the source programs in assembler is . ASM; once translated the source program, the TASM creates a file with the . OBJ extension, this file contains an intermediate format of the program, called like this because it is not executable yet but it is not a program in source language either anymore. The linker generates, from a . OBJ or a combination of several of these files, an executable program, whose extension usually is . EXE though it can also be .COM, depending of the form it was assembled. Assembler ProgrammingTo build assembler programs using TASM programs is a different program structure than from using debug program. Its important to include the following assembler directives:. MODEL SMALL Assembler directive that defines the memory model to use in the program. CODE Assembler directive that defines the program instructions. STACK Assembler directive that reserves a memory space for program instructions in the stackEND Assembler directive that finishes the assembler programLets programFirst stepuse any editor program to create the source file. Type the following lines:TOPfirst example; use ; to put comments in the assembler program . MODEL SMALL; memory model .STACK; memory space for program instructions in the stack .CODE; the following lines are program instructions mov ah,1h; moves the value 1h to register ah mov cx,07h;moves the value 07h to register cx int 10h;10h interruption mov ah,4ch;moves the value 4 ch to register ah int 21h;21h interruption END; finishes the program codeThis assembler program changes the size of the computer cursor. Second stepSave the file with the following name: examp1. sm Dont forget to save this in ASCII format. Third stepUse the TASM program to build the object program. Example:C:\gt;tasm exam1. asm Turbo Assembler Version 2. 0 Copyright (c) 1988, 1990 Borland InternationalAssembling file: exam1. asm Error messages: None Warning messages: None Passes: 1 Remaining memory: 471kThe TASM can only create programs in . OBJ format, which are not executable by themselves, but rather it is necessa ry to have a linker which generates the executable code. Fourth stepUse the TLINK program to build the executable program example:C:\gt;tlink exam1. bj Turbo Link Version 3. 0 Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Borland InternationalC:\gt;Where exam1. obj is the name of the intermediate program, . OBJ. This generates a file directly with the name of the intermediate program and the . EXE extension. Fifth stepExecute the executable programC:\gt;exam1[enter]Remember, this assembler program changes the size of the cursor. Assembly process. TOPSEGMENTSThe architecture of the x86 processors forces to the use of memory segments to manage the information, the size of these segments is of 64kb. The reason of being of these segments is that, considering that the maximum size of a number that the processor can manage is given by a word of 16 bits or register, it would not be possible to access more than 65536 localities of memory using only one of these registers, but now, if the PCs memory is divided into groups or segments, each one of 65536 localities, and we use an address on an exclusive register to find each segment, and then we make each address of a specific slot with two registers, it is possible for us to access a quantity of 4294967296 bytes of memory, which is, in the present day, more memory than what we will see installed in a PC. In order for the assembler to be able to manage the data, it is necessary that each piece of information or instruction be found in the area that corresponds to its respective segments. The assembler accesses this information taking into account the localization of the segment, given by the DS, ES, SS and CS registers and inside the register the address of the specified piece of information. It is because of this that when we create a program using the Debug on each line that we assemble, something like this appears:1CB0:0102 MOV AX,BXWhere the first number, 1CB0, corresponds to the memory segment being used, the second one refers to the address inside this segment, and the instructions which will be stored from that address follow. The way to indicate to the assembler with which of the segments we will work with is with the . CODE, . DATA and . STACK directives. The assembler adjusts the size of the segments taking as a base the number of bytes each assembled instruction needs, since it would be a waste of memory to use the whole segments. For example, if a program only needs 10kb to store data, the data segment will only be of 10kb and not the 64kb it can handle. SYMBOLS CHARTEach one of the parts on code line in assembler is known as token, for example on the code line:MOV AX,Varwe have three tokens, the MOV instruction, the AX operator, and the VAR operator. What the assembler does to generate the OBJ code is to read each one of the tokens and look for it on an internal equivalence chart known as the reserved words chart, which is where all the mnemonic meanings we use as instructions are found. Following this process, the assembler reads MOV, looks for it on its chart and identifies it as a processor instruction. Likewise it reads AX and recognizes it as a register of the processor, but when it looks for the Var token on the reserved words chart, it does not find it, so then it looks for it on the symbols chart which is a table where the names of the variables, constants and labels used in the program where their addresses on memory are included and the sort of data it contains, are found. Sometimes the assembler comes on a token which is not defined on the program, therefore what it does in these cased is to pass a second time by the source program to verify all references to that symbol and place it on the symbols chart. There are symbols which the assembler will not find since they do not belong to that segment and the program does not know in what part of the memory it will find that segment, and at this time the linker comes into action, which will create the structure necessary for the loader so that the segment and the token be defined when the program is loaded and before it is executed. TOPMore assembler programsAnother examplefirst stepuse any editor program to create the source file. Type the following lines:;example11 . model small .stack .code mov ah,2h ;moves the value 2h to register ah mov dl,2ah ;moves de value 2ah to register dl ;(Its the asterisk value in ASCII format) int 21h ;21h interruption mov ah,4ch ;4ch function, goes to operating system int 21h ;21h interruption nd ;finishes the program codesecond stepSave the file with the following name: exam2. asm Dont forget to save this in ASCII format. third stepUse the TASM program to build the object program. C:\gt;tasm exam2. asm Turb o Assembler Version 2. 0 Copyright (c) 1988, 1990 Borland International Assembling file: exam2. asm Error messages: None Warning messages: None Passes: 1 Remaining memory: 471kfourth stepUse the TLINK program to build the executable programC:\gt;tlink exam2. obj Turbo Link Version 3. 0 Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Borland InternationalC:\gt;fifth stepExecute the executable programC:\gt;ejem11[enter] * C:\gt;This assembler program shows the asterisk character on the computer screenTOPTypes of instructions. Data movementIn any program it is necessary to move the data in the memory and in the CPU registers; there are several ways to do this: it can copy data in the memory to some register, from register to register, from a register to a stack, from a stack to a register, to transmit data to external devices as well as vice versa. This movement of data is subject to rules and restrictions. The following are some of them:*It is not possible to move data from a memory locality to another directly; it is necessary to first move the data of the origin locality to a register and then from the register to the destiny locality. *It is not possible to move a constant directly to a segment register; it first must be moved to a register in the CPU. It is possible to move data blocks by means of the movs instructions, which copies a chain of bytes or words; movsb which copies n bytes from a locality to another; and movsw copies n words from a locality to another. The last two instructions take the values from the defined addresses by DS:SI as a group of data to move and ES:DI as the new localization of the data. To move data there are also structures called batteries, where the data is introduced with the push instruction and are extracted with the pop instruction. In a stack the first data to be introduced is the last one we can take, this is, if in our program we use these instructions:PUSH AX PUSH BX PUSH CXTo return the correct values to each register at the moment of taking them from the stack it is necessary to do it in the following order:POP CX POP BX POP AXFor the communication with external devices the out command is used to send information to a port and the in command to read the information received from a port. The syntax of the out command is:OUT DX,AXWhere DX contains the value of the port which will be used for the communication and AX contains the information which will be sent. The syntax of the in command is:IN AX,DXWhere AX is the register where the incoming information will be kept and DX contains the address of the port by which the information will arrive. Logic and arithmetic operationsThe instructions of the logic operations are: and, not, or and xor. These work on the bits of their operators. To verify the result of the operations we turn to the cmp and test instructions. The instructions used for the algebraic operations are: to add, to subtract sub, to multiply mul and to divide div. Almost all the comparison instructions are based on the information contained in the flag register. Normally the flags of this register which can be directly handled by the programmer are the data direction flag DF, used to define the operations about chains. Another one which can also be handled is the IF flag by means of the sti and cli instructions, to activate and deactivate the interruptions. Jumps, loops and proceduresThe unconditional jumps in a written program in assembler language are given by the jmp instruction; a jump is to moves the flow of the execution of a program by sending the control to the indicated address. A loop, known also as iteration, is the repetition of a process a certain number of times until a condition is fulfilled. | |

RITUAL Essays - Whisper, Go, Green Bananas, Ominous Silence

In the mountains, they call it Going Beyond.The way they pronounce the Words endows the sound with a hushed finality as though the meaning had nothing to do with the syllables, the lips just a bit parted, afraid to release The Words altogether.The head is bowed during the utterance, signifying both the solemnity and the apocalyptic nature of the occasion.If you had been there then you would have see how the men, baskets of cabbages and green bananas on their backs, would meet on the muddy trail and whisper to each other.You would have understood from the contour of their lips that The Words were said; and these having been said, they would pursue their individual ways--one, perhaps, to wend his way to the Market, the other to wait by the Highway for Tourists to purchase his vegetables at a pauper's price.Women sitting on the cold bamboo benches before the village store would suddenly interrupt their conversation by an ominous silence:you knew they were thinking of The Words; they did not have to say them.In fact saying them would be only anti-climactic, because deep in their minds lurked images that could not be collapsed into a mere couple of sounds.A father queried about the whereabouts of his son would whisper The Words, raising him arms in the direction of the Mountains, and you would be a Fool if you thought he meant his son had gone away to live in another place.The raising of arms is supplementary to the meaning of the Words, at times it means more than The Words."He's gone beyond," the father would say."No, he's not dead, but he's gone beyond."Beyond is more than the physical boundaries of the Village, more than the physical boundaries of the Mountains, more than the Sea and the Sky and the Land put together.Yes.It is not Death.It is not Life.It is not Life and Death put together.You may give it any name you want, you may declare the people mad, but in the Mountains, they call it Going Beyond. "The trouble with you," Roy said, "is that you are a coward." I looked at him framed by the last glow of sunset that managed to pour through the misted windowglass.He had just arrived from the City which, from the vantage point of this far-flung [sic] Village, was on the other side of eternity.His single bag ("I like to travel light") lay beneath the army cot that stood parallel to the wall; this and the other on e I called mine touched ends to form an ell, with the two windows dotting their extremities.It was a small room, though it was room enough for me.Even in the rare event when I had an overnight visitor there was still sufficient space to spare. "The trouble with you is that you are a coward," he said again turning to me after quaffing the last drops of his drink."Imagine coming here, living here with God knows what kind of people.This is not the place for you." He walked to the table in the middle of the room to refill his glass; the moment he was embraced by the light, the single light that dangled from a single cord from the ceiling, I saw that the years had not altered him.I do not mean that he had not grown old; I mean that his soul had not changed:he was still Roy, my big brother, my friend trying to save me from distress most of which he had only imagined.Or I may be wrong.Perhaps he had changed, only I was too ensconced in my new world to notice the realities outside it. "How's Luisa?" I said.I had not moved from sitting on my cot. "She's going to have a baby.You cannot expect a woman like her to remain alone forever," Roy said. "And the man?" "She can't ask for anyone better." "I'm glad she's happy." "It's not a question of happiness," he said moving back to the window."A lot of people die not knowing they are happy.It's a question of knowing someone is there for you to turn to when you get sick of being with yourself or punching the same infernal machine day in and day out." "I did my best," I said, but my mind was groping

Sample Essay Skin Therapy

Sample Essay Skin TherapySample Essay Skin Therapy is a great way to sample different techniques and results from different surgeons. This site is also an excellent way to check out a procedure before it is performed by a licensed surgeon. The purpose of this site is to provide a fresh look at the way the body appears and to provide the reader with a better understanding of what happens during a surgical procedure.When you arrive at the website, you will be greeted by a series of photographs of the letter. The letter is a perfect example of how a few questions can change the patient's appearance. It is an exciting story of how a miracle was created and the important role that art and science play in the creation of skin. The story takes the reader from a young boy with skin problems, to a boy with clear skin, to a man with flawless skin. The experience can be life changing for anyone who reads it.The art of cosmetic surgery is still relatively new but is quickly becoming popular as a way to look younger and find a new job. During a visit to the website, you will learn that this surgery is a form of art and science combined. The article describes how skin can be created artificially and is extremely informative and beautiful.In this article, we see how art and science combine in creating a healthy and beautiful looking skin. The information provided provides interesting insights into the process and reveals the fact that very few people ever obtain this type of result. The information included in this essay can be valuable to any patient who has skin issues and is searching for a solution.Any patient who has skin issues can benefit from this piece of art. It provides interesting information about a science that is making a difference in the way doctors work and operate today. The results provided are valuable to patients and will be extremely useful to anyone who needs to learn more about cosmetic surgery.This essay skin therapy was written by a professional on the subject of cosmetic surgery. This piece of writing is unique in the way it describes both the science and the art of what happens during a surgery. You will find a number of excerpts from stories written by actual patients.The samples provided in this essay skin therapy are easy to read and understand. A patient can use the information found here to choose which doctor they want to perform the surgery. The essay contains a large number of sample cases and is a resource that will benefit everyone who wants to learn more about cosmetic surgery.If you are a doctor or a patient, this essay skin therapy can be of help. This website is filled with information about various procedures that can be used to improve one's appearance. Patients will find a number of stories about how patients are improving their appearance by using cosmetic surgery and will be amazed by the results.

Tanglewood Case 4 Essays

Tanglewood Case 4 Essays Tanglewood Case 4 Paper Tanglewood Case 4 Paper 1. Tanglewood currently uses traditional predictors such as work experience, education and interview, to predict whether a candidate has the characteristics to excel in the areas of citizenship, absence, performance and promotion. These predictors are proven to predict a future employee’s promotion potential. However, only work experience can also predict performance, the rest of the selection tools do not statistically predict citizenship, absence or performance. The worst statistical predictor of performance, in the traditional method, has proven to be the interview score with a high p-value and a very low correlation. 2. Tanglewood would like to more accurately predict the characteristic of future employees who will excel in citizenship and absence. We have been experimenting with different predictors, with some success, in the Seattle area, for the last year. The best predictors of these characteristics have proven statistically to be the Marshfield customer service biodata questionnaire essay, with a correlation of . 22 and a p-value of . 01 for citizenship and a correlation of -. 17 and a p-value of . 1, and the personality exam which measures extraversion and conscientiousness focusing on the conscientiousness with a correlation of . 18 and p-value of . 01 for citizenship and a correlation of -. 33 and a p-value of . 01 for absence. However, in my opinion the biodata questionnaire is not a practical tool due the cost and the fact potential employees may find the essay questions difficult to answer with possible lengthy answers and the questions responded to using the 5-point scale many applic ants may feel the answers require further clarification than the 5-point scale. Another problem with biodata as a predictor is the questions are asking for life experiences which many of the applicants may not have yet experience due to their age and other limitations. The biggest difference in the two samples, traditional and the proposed method, regarding correlations is the size of the samples which changes the correlation significance. The reason for the difference in the sample size, of the proposed method, is it was used as a trial base, at only selected stores and carefully administered whereas the traditional method information was gathered informally. Job Analysis: Store Associate Performance dimensions and tasks statements: Greet customers and ascertain what each customer wants. Maintain knowledge of current sales and promotions. Provide recommendations or locate merchandise for customers. Answer questions regarding the store and its merchandise. Describe merchandise and its operation and care to customers. Continually monitor for and resolve security and theft problem. Ticket arrange and display merchandise to promote sales. KSAOs Knowledge of customer service principles. Knowledge of merchandise offered in the stores Communication and speaking skills Ability to relate to others Skill in organizing, combining, and documenting information Ability to perform light lifting and object manipulation Predictor Measures Content validity is used to estimate how the methods are actually measuring the desired characteristics. Tanglewood has an interest in improving citizenship and absence. According to the observation above, the most effective measure of these characteristics biodata and conscientiousness. Content validation is most appropriate when the sample size is few and criterion measures are not available. 3. In order for Tanglewood to find good employment candidate it should look to the predictors and choose the ones that predict the characteristic most important to the company. Accordingly, they should continue to rely on the application blank to obtain information on education and work experience which accurately predicts performance and promotion potential. The managers have already expressed an interest in retaining the interview as a predictor this is possible however the interview should be standardized to a structured interview with open ended questions to invite the applicant to provide the information needed. This standardization will allow for applicants answers to be compared. Another good predictor for Tanglewood to administer is the conscientiousness part of the personality test which has proven to be an accurate predictor of citizenship and absence. These characteristic are very important to maintain the desired culture at Tanglewood. They could also consider using biodata which is a very good predictor of all identified characteristics however the applicant may find this a difficult test due to the expectation of the applicant describing life experiences which they may not have experienced due to their age or lack of life experiences. 4. Tanglewood should have success with the proposed validation procedures. Use of the application blank is very common and widely excepted practice. The changes to the interview, standardization and open ended questions, will allow for comparisons among the applicants. The conscientious test should, also, be easily accepted. The biodata test may possibly prove difficult to administer in the more rural areas due to the expectation of applicant to describe life experiences and situations the do not apply or have not been experienced. However, these proposed validation procedures should yield more qualified applicants better than the traditional predictors and allow Tanglewood to obtain more employees with the characteristic sought by the company.

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage This article originally appeared in the June 1912 issue of The Crisis, a journal considered one of the leading forces in the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, addressing a failure on the part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association to support a resolution condemning the Southern disenfranchisement of African Americans, in law and in practice. Du Bois, a leading black intellectual of the day and key founder of the NAACP, and a supporter in general of womens suffrage, was editor of The Crisis. The next year, a suffrage march would be marked by a request by the white leadership for black women to march at the back, so we know that this essay did not immediately transform the suffrage movement to include fully the voices of people of color. Du Bois uses the term suffragette in the title, but in the article uses the more common term at the time, suffragist.   The language is that of 1912, when this was written, and may be uncomfortable and different from expectations of today.   Colored people and Negro were, as may be obvious by Du Bois use, the respectful words of the time for people of color and for Black people. Full article: Suffering Suffragettes by W. E. B. Du Bois, 1912 Summary: Du Bois points out that the suffrage movement is wincing a bit and produces a letter from Anna Shaw, defending the suffrage movements commitment to justice to women, white and colored, and says that no women were excluded from the recent convention in Louisville on account of race.Shaw repeats a rumor that at the Louisville convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a resolution condemning disfranchisement of colored people in the South was not allowed to come to the floor, and says she did not feel it was snowed under but was simply not acted on.Du Bois points out that Martha Gruening had attempted to have a colored delegate introduce a resolution from the floor, and that Anna Shaw had refused to invite her to the convention.Resolved, that the women who are trying to lift themselves out of the class of the disfranchised, the class of the insane and criminal, express their sympathy with the black men and women who are fighting the same battle and recognize that i t is as unjust and as undemocratic to disfranchise human beings on the ground of color as on the ground of sex. Further, Du Bois reproduces a letter from Anna Shaw from before the convention about opposing the resolution being introduced, as it would do more to harm the success of our convention in Louisville than all the other things that we do would do good.In this Shaw letter, she also contends that the worst enemy of white womens vote is colored men who would go straight to the polls and defeat us every time.Du Bois says that we have repeatedly shown that contention about colored men defeating woman suffrage is false. See also the related article, Two Suffrage Movements, by Martha Gruening, mentioned in the article above.   It was published a few months after this one.   And for a biography of one of Du Bois wives, see  Shirley Graham Du Bois  on this site.

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Family Law - Essay Example However, many feel that family law does not deal with disputes adequately. This is because not only does family law fail to adequately consider areas such as equal parental rights over children, it fails to deal with unmarried couples that have a relationship and do not live together. It also fails to deal with heterosexual cohabitation, same sex cohabitation, etc. Family law needs to accommodate these types of structures as well because these arrangements are growing in number. In order for family law to deal with the changing nature of family, it has to recognize and accommodate the fact that family structures now vary. In order to develop a general understanding of the reasons why family law has to be amended in order to become more accommodating in its approach, one has to consider the areas family law encompasses1. Family law deals with the following areas that are all family-related: All the three points above appear to be quite broad and encompassing. However, there are family structures today that may not necessarily be encompassed by them. This particularly refers to cohabiting couples. These may be heterosexual or same sex couples. It must be noted that same sex cohabiting relationships, however, have been recognized since 2004. It took a slow process for this type of relationship to be recognized2. Also, with cohabiting couples, cases may be more complicated because of them having children. Along with considering cohabitating heterosexual couples, a look at Figure 1 in the Appendix provides one with the trends of Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage in the UK3. These indicate perhaps an increasing trend towards families that do not consider marriage. A broader view of cohabitation is addressed later in this paper. New Family Structure [The Single Parent Family]: It is known that now marriage is becoming less significant to family structure, and parenthood is taking its place. Parenthood may be in the form of two parents or a single parent. Single parenthood may emerge from different situations. In many cases it emerges from a couple dating and having no commitments4. A dating couple that does not live together or does not even plan to get married may end up with a child accidentally. Therefore, they might feel forced into remaining together as a family. Since, in many cases, there is no commitment on either side, the mother decides to keep the child and raise it alone. In such a case, there can be little demand for child support from the father. This is because there is no civil union or any such family law that could compel the father to pay towards the child's upbringing without the existence of marriage. It must be noted here that a father becomes legally bound to pay for child support if he is married to the mother of his child. In many cases, the mother does not want to continue her relationship with her partner5. If no marriage exists, a father does not have to pay for child support, but he may also not be able to see his child. Therefore, there is every chance that the child will grow up without knowing or seeing his or her father. Figure 2 in the Appendix shows the percentage of single parents in the

Wal-Marts Globalization Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Marts Globalization Strategy - Essay Example Market entry strategy being critical in entering a new market, Wal-Mart employed joint ventures and acquisition of strong market partners. Through acquiring of strong local market partners, Walmart was in a position to performance higher as a result of adequate scale and high brand awareness level.Location characteristics were very crucial in determining the mode of entry to be employed by Wal-Mart. Due to the high rate of competition in the foreign market, more developed markets like Japan, South Korea and Canada entered through acquiring strong local market partners to counteract the high rate of competition hence was employed as a mode of entry by Wal-Mart, making its operations a success. It is easy to enter an into an underdeveloped market because the competition and market space are properly defined, however, if it is a culturally and geographically distant, then challenges are posted since the core aim is to put in place a global strategy which was the main objective of Wal-Ma rt. This made Wal-Mart seek for strong local market partners hence their success.Entry of Wal-Mart into a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises in India was a good idea simply because India had a fast-growing retail market. As a result, Partnership with Bharti enterprises formed part of Wal-Mart successful strategy of gaining entry of market in India. This is because Bharti was well familiarized with the local market know-how, recognition of the brand, political strategies involved with entry and customer preferences.