Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay

In the old chapter 2, we discussed approximately aggregative claims and how it can be modelled and simulated utilizing R scheduling. In this chapter we shall discourse on one of the of import factors which has direct impact on arise of a claim, the human mortality. Life insurance companies use this factor to pattern hazard originating out of claims. We shall analyze and look into the petroleum informations presented in human mortality database for specific states like Scotland and Sweden and utilize statistical techniques. Mortality smooth bundle is used in smoothing the informations based on Bayesian information standard BIC, a technique used to find smoothing parameter ; we shall besides plot the information. Finally we shall reason by executing comparing of mortality of two states based on clip.3.1 IntroductionMortality informations in simple footings is entering of deceases of species defined in a specific set. This aggregation of informations could change based on different vari ables or sets such as sex, age, old ages, geographical location and existences. In this subdivision we shall utilize human informations grouped based on population of states, sex, ages and old ages. Human mortality in urban states has improved significantly over the past few centuries. This has attributed mostly due to improved criterion of life and national wellness services to the populace, but in latter decennaries there has been enormous betterment in wellness attention in recent steps which has made strong demographic and actuarial deductions. Here we use human mortality informations and analyse mortality tendency compute life tabular arraies and monetary value different rente merchandises.3.2 Beginnings of DatasHuman mortality database ( HMD ) is used to pull out informations related to deceases and exposure. These informations are collected from national statistical offices. In this thesis we shall look into two states Sweden and Scotland informations for specific ages and ol d ages. The information for specific states Sweden and Scotland are downloaded. The deceases and exposure informations is downloaded from HMD under Sverige Scotland They are downloaded and saved as â€Å" .txt † informations files in the several difficult disc under â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_deaths.txt † and â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_exposures.txt † severally. In general the information handiness and formats vary over states and clip. The female and male decease and exposure informations are shared from natural informations. The â€Å" entire † column in the information beginning is calculated utilizing leaden norm based on the comparative size of the two groups male and female at a given clip.3.3 Gompertz jurisprudence graduationA well-known statistician, Benjamin Gompertz observed that over a long period of human life clip, the force of mortality additions geometrically with age. This was modelled for individual twelvemonth of life. The Gompertz theoretical account is additive on the log graduated table. The Gompertz jurisprudence states that â€Å" the mortality rate additions in a geometric patterned advance † . Therefore when decease rates are A & gt ; 0 B & gt ; 1 And the line drive theoretical account is fitted by taking log both sides. = a + bx Where a = and B = The corresponding quadratic theoretical account is given as follows3.3.1 Generalized Linear theoretical accounts are P-Splines in smoothing informationsGeneralized Linear Models ( GLM ) are an extension of the additive theoretical accounts that allows theoretical accounts to be fit to data that follow chance distributions like Poisson, Binomial, and etc. If is the figure of deceases at age ten and is cardinal exposed to put on the line so By maximal likelihood estimation we have and by GLM, follows Poisson distribution denoted by with a + bx We shall utilize P-splines techniques in smoothing the information. As mentioned above the GLM with figure of deceases follows Poisson distribution, we fit a quadratic arrested development utilizing exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. The splines are piecewise multinomials normally cubic and they are joined utilizing the belongings of 2nd derived functions being equal at those points, these articulations are defined as knots to suit informations. It uses B-splines arrested development matrix. A punishment map of order linear or quadratic or three-dimensional is used to punish the irregular behavior of informations by puting a punishment difference. This map is so used in the log likeliness along with smoothing parametric quantity.The equations are maximised to obtain smoothing informations. Larger the value of implies smoother is the map but more aberrance. Therefore, optimum value of is chosen to equilibrate aberrance and theoretical account complexness. is evaluated utilizing assorted techniques such as BIC – Bayesian information standard and AIC – Akaike ‘s information standard techniques. Mortalitysmooth bundle in R implements the techniques mentioned above in smoothing informations, There are different options or picks to smoothen utilizing p-splines, The figure of knots ndx, the grade of p-spine whether additive, quadratic or three-dimensional bdeg and the smoothning parametric quantity lamda. The mortality smooth methods fits a P-spline theoretical account with equally-spaced B-splines along ten There are four possible methods in this bundle to smooth informations, the default value being set is BIC. AIC minimisation is besides available but BIC provides better result for big values. In this thesis, we shall smoothen the informations utilizing default option BIC and utilizing lamda value.3.4 MortalitySmooth Package in R plan executionIn this subdivision we describe the generic execution of utilizing R programming to read deceases and exposure informations from human mortality database and usage MortalitySmooth bundle to smoothen the informations based on p-splines. The undermentioned codification presented below tonss the & gt ; require ( â€Å" MortalitySmooth † ) & gt ; beginning ( â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † ) & gt ; Age & lt ; -30:80 ; Year & lt ; – 1959:1999 & gt ; state & lt ; – † Scotland † ; Sex & lt ; – â€Å" Males † & gt ; decease =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Deaths † , Sex ) & gt ; exposure =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Exposures † , Sex ) & gt ; FilParam.Val & lt ; -40 & gt ; Hmd.SmoothData =SmoothenHMDDataset ( Age, Year, decease, exposure ) & gt ; XAxis & lt ; – Year & gt ; YAxis & lt ; -log ( fitted ( Hmd.SmoothData $ Smoothfit.BIC ) [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) & gt ; plotHMDDataset ( XAxis, log ( decease [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) , MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc ) & gt ; DrawlineHMDDataset ( XAxis, YAxis ) The MortalitySmooth bundle is loaded and the generic execution of methods to put to death graduation smoothening is available in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r. The measure by measure description of the codification is explained below.Step:1 Load Human Mortality informationMethod NameLoadHMDDataDescriptionReturn an object of Matrix type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map.ExecutionLoadHMDData ( Country, Age, Year, Type, Sex )ArgumentsCountry Name of the state for which information to be loaded. If state is â€Å" Denmark † , † Sweden † , † Switzerland † or â€Å" Japan † the SelectHMDData map of MortalitySmooth bundle is called internally. Age Vector for the figure of rows defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Year Vector for the figure of columns defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Type A value which specifies the type of informations to be loaded from Human mortality database. It can take values as â€Å" Deaths † or â€Å" Exposures † Sexual activity An optional filter value based on which information is loaded into the matrix object. It can take values â€Å" Males † , â€Å" Females † and â€Å" Entire † . Default value being â€Å" Entire †DetailssThe method LoadHMDData in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † reads the informations availale in the directory Data to lade deceases or exposure for the given parametric quantities. The informations can be filtered based on Country, Age, Year, Type based on Deaths or Exposures and in conclusion by Sexual activity.Figure: 3.1 Format of matrix objects Death and Exposure.The Figure 3.1 shows the format used in objects Death and Exposure to hive away informations. A matrix object stand foring Age in rows and Old ages in column. The MortalitySmooth bundle contains certain characteristics for specific states listed in the bundle. They are Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden and Japan. These informations for these states can be straight accessed by a predefined map SelectHMDData. LoadHMDData map checks the value of the variable state and if Country is equal to any of the 4 states mentioned in the mortalitysmooth bundle so SelectHMDData method is internally called or else customized generic map is called to return the objects. The return objects format in both maps remains precisely the same.Measure 2: Smoothen HMD DatasetMethod NameSmoothenHMDDatasetDescriptionReturn a list of smoothened object based BIC and Lamda of matrix object type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map. Tax returns a list of objects of type Mort2Dsmooth which is a planar P-splines smooth of the input informations and order fixed to be default. These objects are customized for mortality informations merely. Smoothfit.BIC and Smoothfit.fitLAM objects are returned along with fitBIC.Data fitted values. SmoothenHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, ZAxis, Offset.Param )ArgumentsXaxis Vector for the abscissa of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Age vector is value of XAxis. Yaxis Vector for the ordinate of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Year vector is value of YAxis. .ZAxis Matrix Count response used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Death is the matrix object value for ZAxis and dimensions of ZAxis must match to the length of XAxis and YAxis. Offset.Param A Matrix with anterior known values to be included in the additive forecaster during suiting the 2d informations. Here exposure is the matrix object value and is the additive forecaster.Detailss.The method SmoothenHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † smoothens the informations based on the decease and exposure objects loaded as defined above in measure 1. The Age, twelvemonth and decease are loaded as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis severally with exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. These parametric quantities are internally fitted in Mortality2Dsmooth map available in MortalitySmooth bundle in smoothing the information.Step3: secret plan the smoothened informations based on user inputMethod NamePlotHMDDatasetDescriptionPlot the smoothed object with the several axis, fable, axis graduated table inside informations are machine rifles customized based on user inputs.ExecutionPlotHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc, legend.Val, Plot.Type, Ylim )ArgumentsXaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Age or Year based on user petition. Yaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Smoothened log mortality valleies filtered for a peculiar Age or Year. MainDesc Main inside informations depicting about the secret plan. Xlab X axis label. Ylab Y axis label. legend.loc A customized location of fable. It can take values â€Å" topright † , † topleft † legend.Val A customized fable description inside informations – it can take vector values of type twine. Val, Plot.Type An optional value to alter secret plan type. Here default value is equal to default value set in the secret plan. If value =1, so figure with line is plotted Ylim An optional value to put the tallness of the Y axis, by default takes max value of vector Y values.DetailssThe generic method PlotHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the smoothed fitted mortality values with an option to custom-make based on user inputs. The generic method DrawlineHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the line. Normally called after PlotHMDDataset method.3.5 Graphic representation of smoothened mortality informations.In this subdivision we shall look into graphical representation of mortality informations for selected states Scotland and Sweden. The generic plan discussed in old subdivision 3.4 is used to implement the secret plan based on customized user inputs. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Sweden. Figure 3.3 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Scotland Figure 3.4 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Sweden The Figure 3.5 given below represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. Figure 3.5 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The Figure 3.5 represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. The 3.5 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.06 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to 1.03 during 15-64 and.79 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Sweden mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Scotland Figure 3.6 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The figure 3.6 Left panel describes consistent dip in mortality rates but there has been a steady addition in mortality rates of male over female for a long period get downing mid 1950 ‘s and has been steadily increasing for people of age 40 years.The 3.6 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.04 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to.94 during 15-64 and.88 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Scotland mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Scotland.Log mortality of Scotland Vs Sweden Figure 3.7 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. Right panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. The figure 3.7 Left Panel shows that the mortality rates for Scotland are more than Sweden and there has been consistent lessening in mortality rates for Sweden get downing mid 1970 ‘s where as Scotland mortality rates though decreased for a period started to demo upward tendency, this could be attributed due to alter in life conditions.

Recruitment and selection with Job description and job specifications Essay

I m sending you a mail about your job and what your role is in the office. On the Monday morning you will be starting your job as soon as you come in. so I thought of giving you the required information so you would feel more comfortable. At first I would like u to know about the Recruitment and Selection is when you start advertising for the job. The advertisement is important to the firm because they must be carefully formatted so they attract the applicant in the first sight. The information should be clearly stated or the time will be wasted on selecting the right applicant. When we are selecting the staff we ask their CV and compare it job specification. Next we have the Training we should teach the staff the right rules and the firm objectives and its working products and the rules and regulations. They should be friendly and should be shown all around the working area Remuneration this is the method we pay our staffs. We pay them in hourly bases most of them work less than nine hours a day we pay you on the start on of every month. Appraisal is for motivating the staffs so they get more interested and work more hard. Dismissal is when you fire some one from the job either when they are not working properly or when we don’t have the job any more. The kinetic needs an engineer in the production department. For the best out come we should give the correct details for the advertisement about the job description and job specification. So we don’t spend a lot of time on selecting the applicant. The share holders will not have any problems but the directors of the company will have problems because they need to spend more money than they expected for advertising for the new staff, have to replace some one in that place and will have to face more consequences. The other staffs will have problems too because they will have to do over time, some may have to take care of both their jobs mainly the customers will have the problem in buying because they will not be satisfied because of the quality of the product the company might face a lose for a period of time until they get a new engineer. Hear are the descriptions of job description and the job specification. The job specification and the job description will help the candidates to know what they need and what type of work they need to do. Further information is in the next page. JOB DESCRIPTION The purpose of the job description is to inform the candidate about the type of job they will be doing and it will include 1 Job title. 2 Location. 3 Hours of work. 4 Wages. 5 Duties. 6 Other responsibilities. 7 Your position. 8 Tenure. JOB SPECIFICATION The purpose of job specification is to inform the candidate about the qualities needed in a successful candidate it will include 1 Qualifications 2 Previous work experience 3 Skills 4 Special interests 5 Member ship of professional body 6 Personality 7 Temperament This is the job specification and the job description of the current job advert JOB DESCRIPTION * Job title – Engineer Production department * Location – Surrey * Hours of work – 5 to 6 hours per day * Wages – 24,000 to 26,000 * Duties – To choose the correct product for the production, to check the capability and the capacity of the machineries, should be able to activate and deactivate the machineries and should also know to maintain them and to function with out any problem in the production * Other responsibilities – Must be more responsible at your work * Your position – * Tenure – Permanent only JOB SPECIFICATION * Qualifications – Post graduate in Mechanical Engineering, have a driving licenses * Previous work experience – experience with or within the mechanical power transmission industry * Skills – CAD, comprehensive pc literacy * Special interests – * Personality – must be focused in solving problem, desire to Temperament – These are the information about the methods of recruitment, which tells the advantages and the disadvantages of the types of recruiting methods.

Bachelor of Early Childhood Studies for Piaget

The four stage theory of Jean Piaget’s demonstrates the way through which children acquire knowledge through playing. This is one of the most critically criticized physiological theories of all decades. The theory on how children build up knowledge faced many challenges. Also many of them are pletely justified. Due to his grand vision the theory is fitting to round off this series on over 10 crucial child psychology studies along with the work of well known Swiss developmental psychologists Jean Piaget (Trevarthen et al., 2016).   His theory implies that, the intellect of a human develops with the help of assimilation, play and a modation. In the current field of technology the growing role of education system efficiently supports the understanding of the children. The nature of the technology encounters the need that helps to support the children to maximize their benefits. ICT in playground may be iPods, cell phones, MP3 players and puter are used to allow access to pictures, Video cameras and moreover games also. There are many ICT games available for the children such as Super Mario, puzzle, sketchpad, angry bird etc which helps them to explore their knowledge level. With the help of these ICT technologies the children can acquire high level knowledge. The stages mentioned in this theory include sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operation and formal operation. While prising ICT and children play it has been found that,   puter games help them to b e more familiar with technology.   This theory reflects that children play active roles in the cultural and historical theory of human culture. In order to refine and test the basic practices of schooldays the children nature are analyzed by Lev Vygotsky (Hamari & Nousiainen, 2015). This theory implies that even without the help of the adults, the children can reach their desired destination only learning from the society. This means that after playing different games in the childhood, the children can learn new skills and ideas from the society. With the help of new learning skills and ideas without any assistance the children can reach highest peak of success. In current days children are also widely using technology in their daily lives. ICT development in the early childhood provides high quality practices that are helpful to support the children development and learning. In order to make these choices the practitioners need to be much familiar with different tools. With the application of puter games and online games the children can learn a lot from the social context. This is the theory of how the children learn self regulation through playing. The theory developed by Sigmund Freud, states that playing is the way that helps to express all the socially unacceptable behaviors (Moore, 2017). Play also helps a child to expel his or her undesired feelings and all the actions through a much acceptable direction. The sense of control of the children reduces anxiety and also helps to express all their forbidden feelings. Not only traditional games but advanced puter gaming helps children to obtain sense of control over different events. In the early childhood children can gain self regulation power through play. ICT plays effective role in the early childhood days. Early childhood education and play both include many hardware and software as their technology. Play can promote abstract ideas through creating separation between the objectives and actions. Using both the action and objects children can effectively reach even beyond the standard development in cognition and self regulation. Not only this but also from ICT context, children also obtain mental representations on social roles and about the rules of society for self regulation. The theory developed by Gregory Bateson implies the way through which the children learn munication through playing. It is focused on the script that the children follow while playing any game. munication reflects the ability of the child and also their ability to learn something new (Siegler, 2016). The munication approach shared among the children is termed as Meta munication skill. After considering the ICT aspect it can be said that, for any child munication is an important tool that has to be used to share thoughts and ideas. ICT technology offers deep social changes that influence segment of the human life and children. The characteristics of play are related to different practical activities. prising the ways that help the children to learn municate drives the evolution through enabling organisms for rapid adoption of novel environment. Gregory, E., Lytra, V., & Ilankuberan, A. (2015). Divine games and rituals: how Tamil Saiva/Hindu siblings learn faith practices through play.  International Journal of Play,  4(1), 69-83. Hamari, J., & Nousiainen, T. (2015, January). Why do teachers use game-based learning technologies? The role of individual and institutional ICT readiness. In  System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on  (pp. 682-691). IEEE. Moore, R. C. (2017).  Childhood's domain: Play and place in child development  (Vol. 6). Routledge. Roskos, K. A. (Ed.). (2017).  Play and literacy in early childhood: Research from multiple perspectives. Routledge. Siegler, R. S. (2016). Continuity and change in the field of cognitive development and in the perspectives of one cognitive developmentalist.  Child Development Perspectives,  10(2), 128-133. Trevarthen, C., Panksepp, J., Bentzen, M., Lakoseljac-Andreasen, C., Rubin, P. B., Winstead, M., ... & Goldstein, B. (2016).  Inclusion, Play and Empathy: Neuroaffective Development in Children's Groups. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Assessing reliability and credibility of CAM resources Essay

Assessing reliability and credibility of CAM resources - Essay Example With this context, the paper explains the applicability of acupuncture, as a CAM therapy in medical science. The paper duly assesses the reliability and credibility of this practice thereto. Additionally, the paper analyses the credibility of the sources that provide detailed information about the disease online. Acupuncture is one of the oldest forms of treatment under the Chinese traditional medicine practices. The process of medication trails pricking of needles at specific positions of the body, which effectively alters flow of energy into healthier arrays controlling and refreshing the neuron system in a human body. Acupuncture is often argued as effective in curing approximately 40 different types of diseases. Based on these grounds, acupuncture has been recognized as one of the widely effective CAM therapies. The procedure of acupuncture includes the stimulation of therapeutic methods that helps in developing manual therapeutic systems. The process involves stimulation of the body through various processes to relieve the patients from a series of diseases (Tait et al., 2002). It is in this context that the CAM practitioners are compared with the conventional medical doctors. For practicing CAM through acupuncture, practitioner recognition depends on proper accreditation from the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). Medical doctors who have a valid medical license can avail a certification from the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture. The person availing for a certification of acupuncture completes the necessary curriculum requirements and a tutorial requirement for the apprentice (NCCAOM, 2014). The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture (AAMA) and the NCCAOM are the regulatory bodies that have been verifying the operations of practitioners when practicing acupuncture

Megaloblastic anaemias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Megaloblastic anaemias - Essay Example An absence of this factor is the most cause of pernicious (megaloblastic anemia).Children inherits this condition, when this condition happens low level of factors produce symptom of juvenile pernicious anemia in the children's less than age of 10. (Intelihealth). Nyhans syndrome or Lesch-Nhyan syndrome is a disroder that is caused the deficiency of an enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phophoribosyltransferase(HGPRT). Lack of this enzyme, the human body to restrict the utilization of vitamin B12 leading to megaloblastic anemia. (Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome). Apart from cobalamin and folate deficiency, the molecular basis for the megaloblastic anemia is in the failure in the syntheisis and assembly of DNA. (Megaloblastic anemia). Other causes unclude cytotoxic drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis. Alcoholosim, preganancy, fish tapeworm infestation, faliure to replicate chromosomes due to lack of the nucletide thymidine and the disrution of intestinal flora due to antibiotic uses are some of the other causes of megaloblastic anemia. (Megaloblastic anemia). Anecdotal evidence suggests that in all cases of megaloblastic anaemia caused by deficiency of Vitamin B12 or folate, the patients will have an elevated MCV and a high HDW (Siemens, 2007). In cases of chemotherapy induced macrocytosis, the patients should have a normal or raised HDW (Siemens, 2007). ... The tests that are used to diagnose megaloblastic anemia primarily are routine tests like a blood test which included both complete blood count (hemoglobin and hemocrit) (Perinicous anemia). Very large oval blood cells and the presence of abnormally shaped neutrophils are indication of megaloblastic anemia. The physician enquires about complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedure for the disorder. The physical exam include: 1) checking for pale or yellowish skin and a red and smooth tongue; 2) Listening of the heart to check the rapid heartbeat or murmur; 3) feeling the abdomen to check the size of the liver. (Pernicous anemia) Vital tests are also done to check the vitamin B12 level, folic acid. Homocysteine is high in anemia due to lack of cobalamin. The level of methymalonic acid is also high in anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 or folate. Other blood tests include the presence of intrinsic factor antibodies and parietal cell antibodies. The levels of bilirubin, potassium or cholesterol in the blood are also confirmed. The serum iron and the iron binding capacity are also checked. Reticulocytes count is also checked to conform if the bone marrow is producing RBCs at a proper rate. The reticulocyte number is low in patients suffering from Pernicious anemia. (Pernicous anemia) A schilling test is one of the very important tests that are being carried out in patients with this disorder. This test is done to detect the vitamin B12 absorption. Cobalamin levels are measured after the ingestion of radioactive Vitamin B12. In a normal scenario, the ileum absorbs more than the body and excreted out in urine but when a patient has megaloblastic anemia, he

Marketing project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing project - Assignment Example Finally, customers can also be attended to on voice over internet protocol technologies like Skype and through telephones. Blackberry plans to get financing from an external third party amount to $10,000.00. This amount will be for commencing work on the development of the product that will entail promoting sales, partly on relations about the public selling, sales promotion and advertising. The starting capital was raised by the co-owners of the company Ronald Greens and Black Givens, in the amounts of $ 25,000.00And $1 0, 000.00 respectively. The blackberry will exist as a limited liability company. The liabilities and shares of the owners will be done according to the values of their individual contribution. The finance acquired through this business will allow Blackberry to open successfully and operate as a computer company. A cozy surroundings will be made available for customers with a casual atmosphere. Operations in year one will generate Blackberry a consistent customer pla tform that will allow it to be self-sufficient in the following year. Most importantly Blackberry will invest in the latest technology so as to diversify how its customers acquire its products including deployment in the cloud. A focus also will be directed especially to the students. A study conducted by Blackberry revealed that 85% of students had difficulties in monitoring their daily schedules. Consequently, this creates a need that Blackberry comes in to fill. The region already has many students with Chabot community colleges offering quite an enormous number. Blackberry is facing the opportunity of being the latest entrant in this field and providing serves the needs of various mobile platforms. The consistent popularity of entertainment services, unique, upscale, innovative and friendly mobile applications has been proven a winning concept to produce the same results for Blackberry. The primary and core product that

Key Influences For Choosing a Political Party Research Paper

Key Influences For Choosing a Political Party - Research Paper Example Political parties desire to control the administration and fight for merely manipulating the government. Politicians usually have zeal to create and impose policies. The roles of political parties are conscripting candidates that will be liked by others. Political parties also schedule and control elections, for the rationale of involving other individuals. A further task would be to propose numerous strategies, for the function of diversity, and a sentiment of option within the citizens. Taking a political scope to establish personal views in regarding to others is what a person should concern in the choice of a political party (Hauss, 2011). Political parties will systematize congress, as a function. There are various resemblances amid interest clusters and political parties. One resemblance is that all of them desire and fight to change the laws and decrees of a country. Secondly, these parties reason to comprise and include the public as a resource in their objectives to reach an d conquer their goals. These functions and aims have diversities and similarities ranging from diverse parties and interest clusters. The most diverging factor amid the political parties is the interest in collaborating or rejecting the government. ... One should choose a party that is centered on the citizens and what they actually want. The influence of the people is what counts. This is in respect of democracy and articulation of party policies regarding chain of command and author authoritative factors. Some limiting factors of these political parties might be their employment tactics as far as implementation and the manner of execution is concerned. One merit of a political party in the United States egalitarianism is that they amalgamate diverse groups to work and visualize in the same perspectives, who have assumed the same position. A good choice should be choosing a party that appeal to the citizens as a whole in order to have a universal control in the government. This factor is beneficial since it offers individuals an opportunity to take a stand on who they desire to run the federal government. Presentation of information to the public is one factor that most political parties lack. At times, they will administer false information that misleads for the purpose of attaining their objective. Once a political party is in power, it can manipulate all degrees and level of the government. This might not be a proper aspect if the party has no interest in the public. This might be a reason one should foster in an attempt to scrutinize the aspects of the political party of choice. Political parties comprising of interest clusters and groups create a beneficial association in the U.S democracy since establish a representation of the citizens and their civil rights. This is due since they comprise of individuals in the society who have undergone all that partakes to fulfill the citizens interests (Rosati & Scott, 2011). One should look at a political party that would want to

The Hmong People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Hmong People - Term Paper Example The researcher of this term paper describes the Secret Wars in Laos, that attracted the Royal Laotian government and the Pathelt Lao, who was keen in repulsing the presence of the Northern Vietnamese Army and had taken control of the Lao land. Whereas this war was regarded as secret, the American government deployed many of its troops and in the end, the war claimed many casualties. The Secret Wars in Laos had a number of significant effects. It is stated that the end of the war resulted in a large number of deaths as well as displacement of the Hmong people into other foreign lands, such as the US, because of their persecution. It is believed that more than 200, 000 Hmong communities were resettled in the United States as the fighting and persecution of non-communist continued to be perpetrated by the Communist regime in Lao. The researcher also discussed the subject of interactions between the Hmong and western medicine, that have led to several challenges and outcomes, such as con flicts between Hmong traditions and western medical practices. These conflicts were characterized by differing opinions on treatment options, such as the removal of organs or the use of anesthesia during surgical operations. To overcome this hurdle, healthcare institutions employed interpreters who understood the Hmong language and English as well. The interpreters often found themselves to take conflicting role, where they had to convince patients against tradition treatment options such as wearing of amulets.

Marketing concept and marketing orientation Essay

Marketing concept and marketing orientation - Essay Example Marketing orientation centres on the target market. Marketing orientation also means organisations will most likely practice globalisation since flexibility is paramount in a more and more competitive environment. With marketing orientation, an organisation can sway customer demand by making goods and services that are appealing, affordable, and easily accessible. Essentially, marketing orientation means an organisation has to adopt the marketing concept. Marketing orientation means an organisation has competitive edge over rival firms (Almquist, 2014). Rival organisations always find it hard to emulate marketing orientation when used as an internal strong point. This is because organisations always find marketing orientation hard to maintain. Maintaining marketing orientation means an organisation will have to stop being transparent about its promotion and communication strategies. The lack of transparency creates competitive advantage for an organisation and makes marketing orientation non-transferable. Market-oriented organisations view these characteristics of marketing orientation as a resource for competitive advantage. To acquire this advantage, the organisation will also have to pour more resources into research, promotion, retailing, and sales. Target markets always follow certain trends that a market-oriented organisation has to know and abide by to gain the sector’s competitive edge. Abiding by these trends means th e organisation has to come up with commodity strategies that address customer needs and wants. The four Ps of marketing, market plans, behaviour, and research are factors an organisation can consider when seeking market orientation. A stipulated example is GrameenPhone, Bangladesh’s top telecoms firm. In 2012, GrameenPhone had a market share of 62%, which represents 8.5 million subscribers. This market share seems impressive but is

Summary of Kant's theory of knowledge, and how it contributes to Essay

Summary of Kant's theory of knowledge, and how it contributes to our understanding of the mind-body problem - Essay Example These former theories that had been set before Kant’s Theory were majorly classified as Empiricism and Rationalism. The Empiricists had earlier argued that knowledge of the environment and reason required a prior experience. The Rationalists, on the other hand, had stated that knowledge had to come first before experience; that one needed to have a prior experience of something before having the knowledge of the same. As can be seen, these two classical theories contradict each other. Therefore, Immanuel Kant was motivated to try and reconcile the two sides and bring to an end, what he had seen as an era of primitive and unsupported theories of knowledge and human experience. At the same time, he wanted to oppose the concepts and perceptions of Skepticism. In coming up with a more plausible theory of knowledge, Kant combined the two previously contradicting school of thoughts and argued that the understanding of the world by the human required both knowledge and experience. According to him, the Experience depends on both perception of the objects in the environment and the prior knowledge acquired about the very objects. In this manner, the external environment is very essential for the ‘self’ establishment. Kant further stated that the human experiences are well structured by the vital features of the mind. This concept implies that the human mind plays the sole responsibility of shaping and structuring our experiences such that all experiences have certain structural designs in common. Kant’s theory of knowledge helps us to understand that every aspect of the human is all in the mind and that one cannot perceive what he or she cannot experience. In as much Kant’s theory of knowledge seems to stand on a neutral ground, it has its potential problems, biasness and objections from some of the most recent philosophers. For

Post Merger Period of Fiat and Chrysler Essay Example for Free

Post Merger Period of Fiat and Chrysler Essay First of all, they wanted to further solidify their brand presence. Fiat has been successful in the European market but lacks visibility in North America; while Chrysler does not carry a strong dealer network in the European markets. What’s worse, historically, Chrysler was referred to the â€Å"Number Three† auto manufacturer and even today, it still remains as the â€Å"Number Three† after GM and Ford. This impression links to poor brand visibility and low customer royalty. In order to change the status quo, Chrysler focused more on brands differentiation. It planned to reposition itself as an upper scale brand. In 2011, Chrysler unveiled their new Imported From Detroit campaign. It defined itself as the â€Å"import-fighter† and focused on quality, technology, fuel saving and sustainability. As for fiat, they invited celebrities to advertise for them. For example, they invited American singer Jennifer Lopez. This offered them the opportunity of a 360-degree partnership, which triggered the greatest awareness growth ever. Without being shown on television or through the networks, it gained global attention. The second problem they have is labor issues. The relationship between Fiat and labor union has never been satisfying. It suffered from the large layoffs and rigid Italian labor laws. Also, FIOM (labor union in Italy) instigated strikes in the fear that Fiat might pull out from Italys employer’s association and Italian auto market. The disputes between Fiat and Italian labor union are still in heat even today. On the other hand, the UAW (United Automobile Workers), who is the part owner of Chrysler, used to provide cheap labor for Chrysler in order to profit from low production cost. However, this happened no more because their friendly relationship broke off as Fiat and UAW were sharply disputing over the value of Chrysler’s equity. During this argument, the US workers were also fighting for better treatment that further intensified the conflict. Additionally, one of the biggest problems they encountered after the merger was how to form a new and effective management structure. In Nov 2009, two companies announced their new plan for management structure. In detail, Chrysler is ready to break even operationally in 2010; net in 2011, nd repay TARP (Trouble Asset Relief Program) by 2014. (Chrysler had operational profits in the first and second quarters of 2010 and repaid TARP in 2011). Chrysler handles large displacement and hybrid engines, as well as â€Å"all cars above C size,† for Fiat worldwide. That implies Chrysler will engineer and possibly build mid-sized cars for exports (In progress). Quality improvements will continue and extend to dealer service (Quality confirmed; dealer service, likely to take many years). In these four years, Chrysler and Fiat achieved their alliance objectives in the areas of cost cutting, technology sharing, global integration, product rationalization, and RD savings. Furthermore, since this is a trans-Atlantic alliance, two companies would encounter problems caused by cultural differences along their way of integration. For instance, Italians are used to the typically relationship-oriented culture, meaning that â€Å"relationships† come before tasks and relationships are often pre-requisites for the concluding transactions. However, Americans tend to follow the rule of law and regard legal documents as binding. As another case in point, two cultures differ in their attitude towards time. Americans usually attempt to control time, view it as a limited resource, and value it for defining what and when things need to be done while Italians, see â€Å"time† as the context in which everything take place so that we never run out of it. In conclusion, two companies would have a hard time communicating and reaching an agreement when it comes to make strategic decisions.

Role of Violence Essay Example for Free

Role of Violence Essay Violence is a common literary element present in both the books, Things Fall Apart and in Persepolis. The depiction of violence gives the story a different view and a negative image. In things fall apart, the depiction of violence is more as it defies the culture and the traditions of the Igbo people. They believe in evil spirit who has the power over all the people. This culture worships the value of killing and murdering. Acts of violence are often related or associated to religious figures, such as Evil Tree. When acts of violence are committed, the consequences are decided by religious figures. The gods are given control over these violent acts. To get a human head to the clan was considered a symbol of supremacy and power. Okonkwo was the first one to bring home a human head and this was this fifth head; and he was not n old man yet. On great occasions such as the funeral of a village celebrity he drank his palm-wine from his first human head. This was one of the callous customs in the 1900’s during the colonial rule, where Achebe portrays violence as his major work in his book. Other form of violence was described during the Week in peace in things fall apart. Okonkwo was a violent and an impulsive man. Furthermore he uses violence to get obedience from his family. He was provoked to justifiable anger by his youngest wife, who went to plait her hair at her friend’s house and did not return early enough to cook the meal. He beat her very heavily and hard. Women were considered weak as compared to men. Okonkwo easily resorts to violence to solve all his problems. Okonkwos bitter conception of masculinity emphasizes heavily on violence. His ideas of man values are unrelated to human emotions, and therefore he cuts down a man to demonstrate his male dominance is irrelevant. The abundance of the violence is not only present in the Igbo culture, but also seen in clashes between the Igbo culture and the European (C hristianity) culture, demonstrating the incompatibility of the two cultures. Even very simple and basic interaction between the two cultures would lead to a major violent conflict. Also when Nwoye, Okonkwo’s son, tries to investigate the other culture, heavy violence arises then too. This helps us into knowing that the interactions between the two cultures are unacceptable to the oldest and the more traditional members of the clan. Violence is been also seen during the killing of Ikemefuna. There is a dramatic irony, because ikemefuna doesn’t know that okonkwo we going to kill who he called m his father and respected him more than his real father. Okonkwo was inwardly plea with at his son Nwoye’s development, and he knew it was due to Ikemefuna. He was taken by the clansmen as told by Agbala with okonkwo to the forest. One of the men behind him hit ikemefuna with the matchet very inhumanely and as ikemefuna ran towards okonkwo, in the daze of fear, okonkwo drew his matchet and cut him down. The brutality and violence shows the reader that okonkwo would d anything for not to look weak. Also in Persepolis, his violence in this book acts as a token of the human cost of war and political authoritarianism violence is related to war during the Islamic revolution, overthrowing of the shah’s regime, the triumph of the Islamic revolution and the devastating effects f war with Iran and also the protests. Violence is shown to be very much a part of Iranian culture in Persepolis. The occurrence of violence that Satrapi felt as a child, I thought, was well shown in the comic style. The frames of violence seemed to be shocking interjections into the main plot of the story, as I’m sure they seemed to be to Marji as a child. Satrapi used the shocking outburst as a means of disapproving the violence. Torture is shown in the scene splash where Ahmadi s being tortured because of his political felony. It is being divided into four parts, three of which show the torture Ahmadi suffers. The parts are his being urinated on, whipped, and burned with an iron on his back. The only narration is shown at the bottom, the only dialog is shown as large speech bubbles, which depict yelling â€Å"How do you like this?† and Confess! Where are the others?† Ahmadi is shown screaming with his eyes closed. This was Marji’s imagination. This illustration was used to emphasize the terror happening at that time and to make the readers express disapproval of the torture. Other types of violence, other than the tortures are when Siamak’s sister is being executed. Again here the scene is divided into three parts, but in these in each part it is framed and has borders. In this depiction, they have shown the executor faces and also the victim’s eyes are wide open even when s he lies dead in the street. This just shows the cold nature of the violence. Satrapi through this wants the reader’s o feel emotional and get angry. Also other example of violence is when the man was cut into pieces. The top picture says, â€Å"In the end he was cut to pieces,† that was it.thi use of the short and blunt sentence only with a picture of a cut up body. Here, there was no feeling or emotion coming from Marji. Also in the next picture, you can see Marji’s mother crying, but to me I think that Satrapi had to show at least a little emotion. This shows how violence is depicted so bluntly that has to show emotion to let the reader know that towards violence but on the whole the people seemed to be just â€Å"insensitive† or numb and use to the violence. Other types of violence were portrayed through the protests during the overthrowing of the shah’s regime. And also the war between Iran and Iraq including the death of soldiers. Everywhere in the streets there were demonstrations for and against the veil, which was implemented then for women. The burning down of the red cinema and the attacks by the police onto the locals is also an example of violence in Persepolis. Due to this violence, there was this conflict between people. Therefore, in either which ways, violence played an important role in both the books. In Things fall apart and Persepolis, violence seemed to be a significant factor as both the novels, gives the reader a feel of the real story and events.

The Code Switching Among Students

The Code Switching Among Students This essay deals about code-switching phenomenon among students in MARA College Seremban and the research question is Code switching: Why has it become a wide spread phenomenon among students of MARA College Seremban?. The historical background about the establishment of English language in Malaysia has been provided and the term code-switching has been defined. In Malaysia, code-switching is happening between Malay and English language. Several students from the college have been interviewed to get their opinions about what causes the phenomenon to be widely used by students. Therefore, seven factors that contribute to the phenomenon among students have been identified. A number of 30 students were given the questionnaires in order to get their feedback on how frequent did they code-switched in daily conversations and to whom they mostly preferred to code-switched whether with friends, teachers or family. Several reasons why students preferred to code-switched in conversation have b een investigated from the questionnaires. Besides that, a survey about students perceptions towards the phenomenon has been successfully conducted. An example of dialogue in a group of friends is provided to show the code-switching happened between them. In Malaysia, Malay language or Bahasa Melayu is the countrys first language while English is the second language. As second language it has its own impact on the Malaysian society especially in communication between people. Nowadays conversations held between two people or in a group are no longer using Malay language totally. Most Malaysians prefer to import some of the English words to complete their sentences during conversation. Some English words like so, if, because, after, etc have been used by many Malaysian. Today, it is observed that more and more teenagers are mixing the two languages together. Code- switch phenomenon has widely spread among people in Malaysia. Besides, the phenomenon has become more popular among the urban society in this millennium era. Because it is so popular, people from various levels constantly use it in various occasions. From my observation, almost all young people in this country would code switch while conversing among themselves. They also code switch in any and every situations such as in classes, restaurants, libraries and others. Various words from English are being used in everyday conversation but they are not using English language completely and because the phenomenon has become very popular among Malaysians it has raised my interest to conduct a research on it. I decided to focus my study on students of my college, MARA College Seremban . Thus, I come out with my research question Code-switching: Why has it become a widespread phenomenon among students of MARA College Seremban?. MARA College Seremban is situated in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Its students are currently undergoing International Baccalaureate Programme and Cambridge Advanced Level Programme for two years and most of the subjects learnt are mainly in English. Therefore, the medium of instructions is English. Currently, this college offers foundation programmes for students under MARA scholarship who are pursuing their study in Medicine, Dentistry, Biotechnology, Engineering, Accountancy, Teaching English as Second Language, and Teaching in Mathematics and Sciences to various universities in Australia, New Zealand, India and Czech Republic. In my research, I have conducted a survey to students of MARA College Seremban to find out the number of students who usually code-switch in daily conversations. I have also interviewed several students to get their personal views about this phenomenon. Besides that, I also studied factors that contribute to code switching, reasons why students like to code switch and how the students perceive the phenomenon among the society. I have prepared questionnaires to 30 students in this college, age range between 19-20 years old. Through the questionnaires, I was able to gets answers for my research. I have included the historical background about the English language in Malaysia and defined the term code-switching for further understanding about the establishment of English language in Malaysia; and the code switch phenomena. Also , in order to identify the uses of English words in everyday conversations I have prepared several examples of every day conversation among Malaysians that invol ved code switching. Finally, through the research done, I was able to make a conclusion at the end of this essay. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND- HOW ENGLISH LANGUAGE SPREAD IN MALAYSIA? English was first introduced in this country during the colonial empowerment over Malaya 53 years ago before Malaysia obtained its independence in 1957. British empowerment had caused several missionary schools to be built in several places in Malaya (Baskaran, 2002a). From pre-Independence days to post-Independence times, English medium schools were the first attempt at education, other than the religious schools for the local Malay (Baskaran, 2002b). As such, English became a coveted language with the Malay language, and all other vernaculars, taking a back seat as fluency in the language would almost guarantee a government position (Normala, n.d.). After the colonial era in Malaysia ended, the teaching of English is continued by the government of Malaysia. The education system in Malaysia regards English as the second important language that should be learnt in schools. Therefore, the emergence of many individuals who are bilingual started since the pre independence year of Malaya. Now, as the national education system in Malaysia make it compulsory for every school in Malaysia to teach Malay as the first language and English as the second language. The teaching of these two languages has caused a phenomenon known as code-switching to occur among Malaysian. As more people are bilingual, they actually prefer to mix the two languages in many occasions. In this research, I will focus on students of MARA College Seremban. CODE-SWITCHING- WHAT IS CODE-SWITCHING? Laura (2004a, p.5) writes that: Code switching is the use of words and structures from more than one language or linguistic variety by the same speaker within the same speech situation, conversation or utterance. There are two different types of code switching mentioned by which is conversational code-switching and situational code-switching. Conversional code-switching is the use of two languages by the same speaker within the same speech event and situational code-switching as language alternation by the same speaker in different speech situations, though the speakers utterances within each situation are monolingual. Laura (2004b, p.11) states code-switches were used for reasons other than just to fill lexical gaps. Most students in Malaysia have the ability to communicate bilingually. Therefore, the code switching will occur between these two languages. Roberto and Jeffrey ( n.d.) also states that Speakers of more than one language (e.g., bilinguals) are known for their ability to code-switch or mix their languages during communication. Traditionally, code-switching has been viewed as a strategy to compensate for diminished language proficiency. The premise behind this theory is that bilinguals code-switch because they do not know either language completely. This argument is also known as semi-lingualism, which underscores the notion that bilinguals almost speak both languages correctly. FACTORS CAUSING STUDENTS TO CODE-SWITCH IN DAILY CONVERSATIONS. Graph 1 : Factors that cause students of MARA to code-switch in daily conversations. The graph bar described Factors that influenced the students of MARA College Seremban to code-switch in everyday conversations. The first bar showed percentage of student influence by their friends to code- switch in daily conversations. The bar showed that, 100 percent or all the students agree that peer pressure influenced them to code-switched during their conversations. Friends is one of the major factors that influence the MARA College Seremban students to code-switch during conversations. Friends are people who the youth interact with most of the times. Friends can be considered to be the most influential elements in the youth world. Therefore, the youth is affected by the culture adopted among their friends. The second bar displayed that about 73.3 percent agreed that their own interest brought them to code-switch during talking with others whereas another 26.7 percent disagreed. Several people are interested to code-switch in their conversations with others. They find the language interesting to them so they use it in multiple conversations with people. They believed that by practising they could improve so they practised using several English words and they normally include the words when speaking with others. In my opinion, self interest is a drive from oneself without the influence of others to study and understand the foreign language that is English. The third bar presented that 66.7 percent disagreed English materials caused them to code-switch when speaking. However, 33.3 percent admitted that English materials have caused them to code-switch. Through reading, one can find many new words and people who read English materials such as English novels or magazines everyday will find more new words through their reading. Thus, many like to use these words in their everyday conversations. Most of them believed that reading English materials made them to speak more appropriate English with less grammatical errors therefore, they speak it completely rather than code-switch. For the fourth bar, it displayed that about half of the students agreed that they are affected by English movies, tv series, dramas etc to code-switch when speaking while the other half disagreed. English movies, dramas and series influence their viewers from various aspects. Students are attracted to their way of speaking and mimicked them in their daily conversation. Students would find mimicking the actors or actresses fun and entertaining. This is the way that it may influenced the students to act or use certain words in their daily conversation. However, other students said they are not affected by the English movies as the accent is hard to follow and students hardly pronounce words like the US or British do. Besides, they watch movies for entertainment so they did not put much attention to the words in the dialogues among the actors. The fifth bar, described about 46.7 percent of students agreed that advertisements influence them to code-switch in daily conversations whereas 53.3 percents of them disagreed. Many advertisements in Malaysia use mix match language to promote their products and merchandise. The advertisement use English with Malay language to do their promotions as for example Indah Water. This brand name belongs to a company in Malaysia. They used the word Indah in Malay and Water in English. Students would read the advertisements or watch it on television and the words or sentence used in the advertisement would be captured by their minds especially catchy words. Many would use the words when speaking with people thus agreed that advertisement influence them to code-switch. Whereas there are students who feel that advertisement would not affect them as the advertisement promotes brands not words. They would remember only the brands not the words used during the advertisements. The sixth bar, presented that 50 percents of the students agreed that family influenced them to code-switch when talking with others, while the other half of the students disagreed. Conversation in a mix of languages such as Malay and English among family members influence the youth to speak the same way. Youth spend a lot of their time with family members. The language used by the family members most probably affects the students. Therefore, the way they speak would follow the way their family members speak because the time spent with family members is much longer than time spent with other people. The final bar showed that 90 percent of undergraduates agreed that the norm of the society influenced them to code-switch in daily conversations. Only 10 percent of the undergraduates disagreed. Most Malaysians usually code-switch or have their conversations in mix- match language and it can also contribute to the use of mix- match language among the youngsters in Malaysia. Almost all the correspondence agreed that it is the norm of society that influences them to speak mix-match language. The usage of mix-match language has become a norm among adults, teenagers and even children. The usage has spread widely that people assumed it to be a natural behaviour among them. Therefore, the youngsters are also following this trend as their friends and people living around them are speaking the mix match language. Usually, Malay youth will mix English and Malay words together in their conversation as it has become natural to them. PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS CODE-SWITCH WITH FRIENDS, TEACHER AND FAMILY MEMBERS Pie chart 1: Number of students of MARA College Seremban who code-switch in daily conversation. The pie chart above showed the number of students of MARA College Seremban who code-switch in their everyday conversations. From the pie chart, it is observed that 87 percent of the students frequently code-switch in their conversations while only 13 percent seldom code- switch the words in their conversations. From the results, students from this college highly code- switch when communicating with friends and teachers in the college, family members while at home, or in any other situations. PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS CODE-SWITCH WITH FRIENDS, TEACHER AND FAMILY MEMBERS Graph 2 Percentage of students of MARA College Seremban that code- switch (with English words) in daily conversations. I also compare the conversation between the students and their peers, teachers, and family members to show to whom the students code-switch mostly. The bar charts showed the percentage of students in the three categories. Firstly, about 99 percent code -switch when talking with their friends while only one percent of the students did not. Secondly, about 70 percent of students code- switch in everyday conversations with their teachers while 30 percents of students did not. And thirdly, it shows that about 50 percents of the students code-switch when conversing with family members. From the results, students from this college most probably code -switch during informal talks with friends such as in group discussions, chatting, or gossiping. In some situations, sometimes students spontaneously code -switch in group meetings or informal events among students. Therefore, students showed great interest to use English words with friends because they feel it is common phenomena for them. Sometimes students prefer to use simple English words which are very short and easy to pronounce to complete their conversation. Most of the students felt comfortable to code -switch when having conversations with teachers. This shows that code-switching trend has become common among the students and teachers and one of the ways students can communicate with teachers to discuss or to talk about their studies or to express their opinions during classes or other situations. In my opinion, most students prefer to code -switch when talking with teachers because they felt shy to speak proper English. This is because, they are not well exposed to English speaking environment and English is not their mother tongue but most students learnt English through their studies. In English classes, Malay students usually are very shy to speak English during English classes because outside of English class they use more Malay words. Bahiyah Abdul Hamid (1992) had also made some several conclusion out of her students behaviour in classes: It can be concluded that their silence is due to several possible reasons which are they dont know the answer or answers to questions asked, they lack the necessary language to communicate effectively in the English language and thus find it difficult to say what they cannot yet say at all, they feel insecure about their level of English and prefer to say little or nothing at all for fear that their mistakes would make their classmates or teacher laugh at or look down on them, they find it difficult to quickly switch from their mother tongue, or another language that they can communicate effectively in, to the English language. And they are following the appropriate and highly acceptable cultural behaviour of showing respect.  [1]   For those students who did not code -switch during their conversations with their teachers it may be because they prefer to use a more formal language or speak with proper usage of the language. Code -switch would involve words from Malay and English and most probably the sentence structure has a lot of grammatical errors. Among family members most students would usually be talking in the language of their mother-tongue. The reason they prefer to speak in Malay is because they are used to the language since their childhood. Priming is the term used to describe the phenomenon that prior exposure to something influences subsequent responses to the same or related things (Alessandro G, 2009a). Language can be primed, so that exposure to a linguistic feature in influences subsequent speed of responding to that feature, often called the reaction time or response latency (Alessandro G, 2009b). However, some families members speak with today trend which most people favour to code-switch during their conversations. The sentence structure will change when English words are used to replace words in the mother tongue language. REASONS WHY STUDENTS CODE SWITCHED This is an example of a daily conversation between students in the college. There are four students; Anis, Hafiz, Kamarudin, and Aziz. They were planning to study at National Library on weekends. The dialogues between friends were held in Malay and English languages. Dialogues Meaning Anis: Jom pergi National Library this weekend! Anis: Lets go to National Library this weekend! Kamarudin: Bila exactly? Kamarudin: When exactly? Hafiz: Hari Sabtu or Sunday? Hafiz: Saturday or Sunday? Anis: Sunday? tutup tak silap. Anis: Sunday? The library is closed if Im not mistaken. Hafiz: My aunt kata Isnin baru tutup. Hafiz: My aunt said it closes on Monday. Aziz: Tak bolehlah, holidaying with family. Aziz: I cant go, Im on holiday with my family. Based on the dialogues, there are many reasons that cause the students to code-switched. Through my research, I have discovered 10 reasons as to why students code-switch in their daily conversations. Graph 3 Students reason to code-switch in daily conversation The bar chart displayed the percentage of the students reasons to code-switch in daily conversations. Most students wanted to have conversations with others and they prefer to use simple English words such as English conjunctions; so, then, but to code-switch because they are easy to pronounce and most people understand the usage of these words in the sentence structure. They also believed that using English words in conversation can enhance their confidence when talking with others especially with teachers and friends. Besides, English words are used by people to stress points that are more understandable in the English language or to accurately describe the points because sometimes they could not find the right word with the same meaning from the mother- tongue language. Several students like to gain attention from others. They used English words when speaking with various people so that he or she is noticed by people to have his or her way of talking. Besides, some students love to pronounce the English words according to their favourite Hollywood or English artists so the words sound more interesting. Students also believed that they look more educated when using English words during conversations whether in college or outside the college. Talking in the mix of the two languages could also close the status gap between two people because it makes their conversations less formal with classmates, family members, and lecturers. STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE CODE SWITCHING PHENOMENON Graph 4 Students perception toward the code-switch phenomena. The pie chart above displayed the students perceptions towards the code-switching phenomena in daily conversation. About 60 percent of the students have good perception toward the phenomena. They believed that code-switching in conversations encourage them to use English words more frequently in conversation so that they become used to the words and eventually they can speak in full English sentence. In addition, they feel more confident when having conversation with people because code-switching make a person look more educated in front of people. Student feel much better when code-switching in conversation because the can speak smoothly as they care less about their grammar. However, about 40 percent of the students have negative outlook about this phenomena. They think that conversing to others using mono-language is much better than code-switching. People who are speaking to others in Malay have proper sentence structure when speaking. A number of students expressed that the mother-tongue language will soon be tarnished when more English words are used in conversations. They also believed that using mother -tongue language is actually showing that they are proud of their nationality. CONCLUSION Based on the results, there are found to be at least seven influential factors that cause students of MARA College Seremban to code-switch in their daily conversations which are peers pressure, self- interest, English materials, English movies; drama series etc, advertisements, family members and the norm of the society. The most influential is peer pressure followed by norms of the society and self- interest. The least influential factor is English materials. The students are greatly affected by people around them including friends and society that they lived in. If the society promotes the speaking trends, people around them will spontaneously follow the trend. Most students frequently code-switch in their daily conversations. The trend has blended into the society. It is also accepted by most students and it is normal to code-switch in informal conversations. The conversations are believed to make them friendlier and less formal when speaking with others. The results also showed that students code-switch with friends, teachers and family members. The do it most with friends as they are closer to them and also they are more feel more comfortable with them. Students also code-switch when talking to teachers because they spend time during classes and discussion because they could not find the right word to use. In the family among family members, students do not code switch so much. They usuakky speak to one another in their mother tongue language. There are several reasons as to why students prefer to code-switch in everyday conversations. Several students said they want to pronounce the words like the Hollywood artist, close the status gap, making the conversation less formal and simple etc, as mentioned earlier in my essay. The code-switching phenomenon has widely spread among the students in the college and also among todays youth. Some see this as positive while others see it as negative. So, is code-switching a positive phenomena to students or maybe to the youth? Obviously, most people accept the phenomena. Does that mean it code-switching benefits them during conversations? Can code-switching be accepted as a new kind of a language or is it seen to tarnish the languages involved? I think we should look at this phenomenon seriously as it would affect the language pattern of the next generations.

Essay --

The Civil Rights Movement began shortly after the end of WWII. The United States took the biggest turn on to the path of civil rights with the Supreme Court’s decision in the Brown vs. the Board of Education case. This decision ignited a revolution that would forever change America's future. Once this movement began, Martin Luther King Jr. knew change needed to happen while Malcolm X didn‘t. He believed that the only way to make the change would be through nonviolence. Martin Luther King’s philosophy made more sense because it pushed America forward, racial inequality stopped through nonviolence, peace and love, which made everyone equal. King felt that all children deserved the same educational opportunities regardless of their skin color. Martin Luther King wanted to unite both races. He wanted them to be together and equal. He especially wanted schools to be integrated, which is stated in MLK's speech made at the Alabama state Capitol. He preached, "let us march on segregated schools until every vestige of segregation and inferior education becomes a thing of the past and negroes and whites study side by side in the socially healing context of the classroom..." (Document D). Malcolm X felt that integrating schools would only lead to more chaos, he felt that keeping schools segregated would keep African American students safer than being in white schools. Malcolm X was doubtful that change would happen, he wanted to move backwards while MLK took a stand and went forward, which is one reason why MLK’s philosophy made more sense during the Civil rights movement. It is clear in the picture of their one and only meeting (Document A) that both men seemed to have respected each other, even though their philosophies were different fro... ...iven at Michigan State University, he speaks, â€Å"(there are) 20 million Black people in Political, Economic, and Mental Prison† he states that â€Å"they always want to use methods that push one Negro at a time, then they use him to turn around and tell that masses, â€Å"You see, we’re solving the problem. And the problem is still unsolved...†(Document M). But the problem obviously was solved. Today all races are considered equal, interracial marriages are permitted, we are allowed to attend the same schools, and live in harmony. Because of Martin Luther Kings courageousness during the fight for racial equality, today every race is identified as equal in the legal system. Things in the 1960’s were difficult but King’s perseverance changed history in America forever, which makes it clear that Martin Luther King’s philosophy made the most sense during the civil rights movement.

The Determined Victor Jimmy Connors :: Essays Papers

The Determined Victor Jimmy Connors The Determined Victor What is a hero? A hero is someone who has achieved many goals in their life; someone admired for his impressive exploits; or someone who shows tremendous courage. A hero controls a great deal of power of authority, or strong influence over others. When people envision a hero, they usually think of a champion, a paragon, a conqueror, or a celebrity. Jimmy Connors represented all these qualities. He displayed power when he was on the tennis court, and he asserted his force off the court. Mr. Connors is a dominant, influential powerhouse. A champion was born unknowingly on September 2, 1952. A child was born to rise above his comrades. He was born James Scott Connors after his father. From the time he was barely three years old, no one could tell that little Jimmy was going to be a champion. Destined for glory his mother and grandmother knew that for Jimmy to be great he would have to work extremely hard. So everyday until Jimmy was a teenager his mother and grandmother would drill him with tennis balls, seeing early that he had tremendous talent. Small for his age, Jimmy had to make up for it somehow. So while other children his age played with toys or watched T.V., Jimmy would be out on the tennis court working on his game. Jimmy wanted to be the best. He knew that his success depended on his speed and his technique. Jimmy worked like a demon to make up for the difference. By age 8, Jimmy was skillful enough to enter into tournaments, and he made a good showing in them. Jimmy did not win his first tournament until he was in the ten-year-old competition. The losses only gave him determination and the wins only gave humbleness. Jimmy Connors, a paragon of all sorts, had an unconquerable spirit. Jimmy knew that he had to be himself out on the tennis courts if he wanted to succeed. At times in Jimmy’s career, he was known as a spoiled brat for his cocky attitude. He was often called â€Å"mouth†. He had this spirit ever since he was a young boy. Being the smaller kid of his age group, he had to have something to hold onto.

Chemical Warfare Essay -- essays research papers

Chem Warfare It was not until the early 1930's that German chemists observed that organo-phosphorus compounds could be poisonous. In 1934, Dr Gerhard Schrader, a chemist at IG Farben, was given the task of developing a pesticide. Two years later a phosphorus compound with extremely high toxicity was produced for the first time. According to contemporary regulations, discoveries with military implications had to be reported to the military authorities, which was also done with Schrader's discovery. This phosphorus compound, given the name tabun, was the first of the substances later referred to as nerve agents. A factory for production of the new CW agent was built and a total of 12 000 tonnes of tabun were produced during the years 1942-1945. At the end of the war the Allies seized large quantities of this nerve agent. Up to the end of the war, Schrader and his co-workers synthesized about 2 000 new organo-phosphorus compounds, including sarin (1938). The third of the "classic" nerve agents, soman, was first produced in 1944. These three nerve agents are known as G agents in the American nomenclature. The manufacture of sarin never started properly and up to 1945 only about 0.5 tonne of this nerve agent was produced in a pilot plant. Immediately after the war, research was mainly concentrated on studies of the mechanisms of the nerve agents in order to discover more effective forms of protection against these new CW agents. The resul...

“Anthem For A Doomed Youth” By Wilfred Owen Essay

â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is an elegy in which Wilfred Owen conveys his heart felt sadness and disgust for the loss of life in World War I. This poem shatters the fantasized images of war by juxtaposing the opposite worlds of reality and the romanticized rhetoric that distorts it. He writes about the true experience of military death, and effectively expresses these powerful sentiments in only fourteen lines by use of a somewhat violent imagery that is compounded by the constant comparison of reality to myth. The poem is intriguingly entitled, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth.† Beginning with the title, Owen places his words into a context that contrasts with his message. An anthem is usually a patriotic song of a group of people, country, or nation as a means to honor it, such as in the National Anthem. An anthem is a song that is supposed to conjure up feelings of chauvinism, and love for one’s country or group. Here in America, our National Anthem especially reminds us of the soldier, who is constantly juxtaposed with the image of the† Star Spangled Banner†. The National Anthem is thought to be something that is synonymous with praise for one’s country and support of its troops. For Owen to name his poem â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† implies that those Doomed Youth have no other anthem to honor them. Owen is saying that the experience of the dying youth is not the one that is conveyed in the National Anthem. His argument is that his poem expresses the true sentiment of the dying youth of war. In the first sentence, Owen begins describing what he views as the authentic image of war by use of an eye-catching analogy. This analogy postulates that the youth who are being massacred are dying like cattle. This is such a striking phrase because cattle live and die the worst of lives. Cattle are bred only for mass slaughter, and death is inevitable for them. They are kept in confined places, often surrounded by fences and barbed wire. Cattle are also considered to have no purpose in life except to serve and nourish others. It is clear that this comparison of dying soldiers to cattle is not a flattering one, and it is a comparison that would not be given by an advocate of war. It is in direct opposition to the description of valor and  honor that comes forward from the romanticized description of soldiers. Owen places this striking analogy at the end of a rhetorical question that he himself answers in the next few lines. The question that Owen asks is, â€Å"What passing bells for these who die as cattle?† The passing bells refer to the bells that are tolled after someone’s death to announce that death to the world. Owen says that unlike a funeral procession the only things that announce the death of these soldiers are the sounds of the instruments that killed them. He answers his opening question by saying that the only bells that are tolled are the indelible sounds of war and death. When describing those sounds of war, Owen projects upon the reader the evil pastimes of war through words like â€Å"monstrous,† â€Å"anger,† and â€Å"rattle.† These are words that give the reader a taste of fear, and a sense of echoing loneliness. The second stanza continues in its comparing of the sounds and images of a funeral procession to the sounds and images of a battlefield. He uses vivid words to show the harshness of war in this stanza just as he did in the first stanza. However, in the second stanza, Owen focuses on imagery of sadness and remorse rather than evil and horror. Owen seems to be sequentially describing the problems with the war in the first eight lines. First, he ingrains on the reader the sights and sounds of the battlefield. Then, he expresses the after effects of sorrow and sadness. For example, the second stanza contains the words â€Å"mourning,† â€Å"wailing,† â€Å"bugles,† â€Å"sad,† and â€Å"shires,† all signs and descriptions of remorse. The concluding sestet brakes off greatly from the rest of the poem. The first two stanzas use heavy imagery to illustrate the horrors of war, and the loneliness that accompanies it. The stanzas lament over the fact that the soldiers die a death of vanity, and are not remembered. The words that are used are very harsh and acidic in that they leave the reader with a feeling of the bloodshed and loss. The last stanza is more melancholy and reflective in its words than the previous two. And unlike the first two stanzas, the question that introduces them is answered in a way that leaves the reader with some type of solace. This feeling of hope in the sestet is culminated  in the last lines of the stanza, showing that the boys will be remembered by some. Owen’s sobering imagery is greatly empowered through his juxtaposition of conflicting ideas of war. Another example of this is his formatting the poem into a sonnet. Sonnets are normally written about themes of love and romance. Owen wrote about death and disenfranchisement. The use of the word â€Å"anthem† in the title adds to this style as well. An anthem is usually a superficial, upbeat, sappy song. This anthem is sad, gloomy, and somber. This usage of irony gives the poem a shocking effect by packaging the text of the poem in the form of a sonnet and anthem while the poem has a message that is antithetical to those two genres. This seemingly paradoxical approach makes the reader feel the power of Owen’s concepts because those concepts are so strongly contrasted by conflicting images.

eligion In United States Public Schools Essay

The answer of the question is that students should be aloneowed to express e rattling worship in United States Public Schools. I ground my answer on the fundamental principles of the produce with respect to the sort out to class period pietism as well as my ain opinion.Therefore, I would like to submit that students in the United States should be allowed to figure all trust based on the detachment of the church and evince principle coined by the root Amendment of the Constitution. Other relevant instances and facts provide excessively be used to justify this proposal like opposition of students of the mandatory soliciter in school as well as the personal quality to express ones devotion through prayer.One reason that the students essential(prenominal) be allowed to practice their possess religion in schools is that it was the intention of the introduce that there depart be a disengagement among the church and the produce. All near History mentioned that the insularism of the church and the state has been considered as part ad tract of the legitimate, historical and political structure of the organisation and protects our leave officedom to practice religion ( withdrawal of church and State). In addition, it was also opined by Tripod that the separation of the church and state is considered a metaphor that well-known all over the world (The Constitutional article of trust insularism of Church and State).This is give tongue to this counsel because there is really no exact provision of the Constitution that mentioned separation of the church and the state. The idea was impliedly save potently mentioned in the Bill of Rights in put in to ensure that emancipation of religion brush off be setd to the people. The phrase existed because of Thomas Jefferson who wrote the Danbury Baptists that they should non worry because an imaginary wall between the church and the state will be established (The Constitutional Principle S eparation of Church and State).Second blood line, the First Amendment of the Constitution make uply mentioned the basic ideals of the state concerning the independence of ghostly practice. Volkomer (2001) wrote that, and I referThe First Amendment provides that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the brass for a redress of grievances (425).It is then regarded by the political relation as a very important right since it was stated in the First Amendment of the Constitution. There is a clear prohibition that the legislature should not ordain laws that favors any sectarian groups such that freedom of religion is thereby settled as a rule. If this rule will not be implemented, the very essence of self- topion could not be exercised by the people. create mentally how scary on the part of the harnessment to participate in matters those talks somewhat religion when its very goal is to govern the people and not to make them godly.Besides, any governmental intervention on matters of religion would create chaos since we have divers(prenominal) unearthly sects in the society. Political agency may be seized by actor of religion and everybody will use the learn of God. Every ghostly sect will do everything in its power to define policy-making in order to serve its interests to the disadvantage of the general welf be. Hence, students should be allowed in school to express their own way of worship and ghostly homage.Another argument to support the answer that students should be allowed to practice nay religion in humankind schools is that schools were not built to teach religious doctrines but to teach academic knowledge. It may be true that public schools are under the direction of the government yet the latter has no reason to direct it with regards to the incorpo ration of religious favor in schools.The mandatory school prayers made or required in some schools raked debate views by students in public schools. The beingness of public schools rests on education and not to basically proselyte. Kids in public schools are enslaved spectators. They are required to perform religious duties that they are not supposed to do either because they belong to other faith and or they have the right to practice their own beliefs. Therefore, the requirement that prayer should establish an official element of the school daytime is improper and insidious (Separation of Church and State).In addition, religion must be treated as a private matter. It should be trifled upon by students in schools. Students in public schools must be attached a chance to at least pray on their own decision and not because they were asked to do so. What is the spirit of faith when they should be forced to pray against their beliefs? There is none for that matter. The scheme that religious requirements in public schools be given would result to divisive attitudes of the students.It would create and sort walls between students thereby giving them the hazard to oppress the minority in footing of religious groups. It would disrupt the learning processes of the students in public schools. It must not be disregarded that public schools in the States is for all students and not only for a particular group of students. It would be dirty if there were groups of religious believers who are given favorable situations on account of religious domination.

Qualitative Analysis Lab Essay

The intention of the experiment is to identify every cation present in an unkat oncen root word by performing specialised chemical mental interrogatorys. Chemical shews such as adding particularised chemicals to guess settles, adding strong and highly concentrated acids and bases, centrifuging the fall from the supernate, and performing a set on fire interrogatory argon carried out to settle the aim or absence seizure of the ions in each multitude.Experimental Procedure dis reply of conclave I Cations x snitchs of the unnamed beginning C were primed(p) into a infinitesimal examine pipage. Four drops of 6 M HCl were added to the unknown outcome. aft(prenominal) being wound up, the yellow(a)ish unknown developed a clean, cloudy re mo. The solution was centrifuged and a white hang sunk to the nates of the test piping. One drop of 6 M HCl was added to the solution making the shed light on yellow supernate cloudy, which showed that not all of the Group I ions fall downd. Two more centrifuges were performed until no more precipitate formed. The sporty yellow supernate was decanted into a clean prohibitionist test tube. The yellowish white precipitate was rinsed with quintette drops of cold spigot water and stimulated. This solution was whence centrifuged and added to the supernate in the other test tube.Fifteen drops of tap water were added to the washed precipitate and the test tube was placed in a hot-water bath. The solution was stirred in the water bath for iodine minute. The now clear purplish liquid was centrifuged and there was no precipitate formed which keep uped the absence of Ag+. Three drops of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the purple supernate, and a thick, cloudy yellow precipitate formed convinced(p) the comportment of Pb2+.Separation of Group III Cations v drops of 2 M NH4Cl were added to the test tube containing the clear yellow supernate from group I. The solution was stirred. Then, seven drops of 15 M NH3 we re added until the solution was basal and the litmus test written report dour dour. The addition of NH3 caused a light-orange precipitate to form. The both additional drops of NH3 and the twenty drops of water created a chromatic precipitate and a clear supernate. The solution was stirred and centrifuged. The light blue supernate was decanted from the caramel brown precipitate. cardinal drops of 12 M HCl and five drops of 16 M HNO3 were added to the brown precipitate. The mixture was carefully stirred and morose into a clear yellow liquid. The test tube was het up in a hot-water bath for about forty-five seconds to dissolve any remain precipitate. Ten drops of water were added to the solution and was centrifuged. There was no remaining precipitate, and the clear yellow supernate was divided into two associate test tubes. Two drops of 0.2 M KSCN were added to one of the test tubes containing the yellow supernate. The solution turn to a darksome, cherry-red which confi rmed the front end of Fe3+.After fifty drops of 6 M NH3 were added to the second test tube of the yellow supernate, the solution remained acidic and it further caused the solution to turn a paler yellow. Five drops of 15 M NH3 were added to make the solution basic by turning the litmus root blue. The addition of the 15 M NH3 overly caused an orange precipitate to form in the solution. The solution was centrifuged and decanted into a separate test tube to disengage the precipitate. Four drops of dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the solution which was and so stirred. The solution turned a deep pink with the constitution of a pink precipitate which confirms the presence of Ni2+.Separation of Group IV Cations Eight drops of 6 M CH3CO2H and one drop of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the light blue supernate from the Group III procedure. The mixture was stirred and turned to a clear yellow color with no precipitate which confirms the absence of Ba2+.Four drops of 15 M NH3 were added to the yellow supernate from the previous step to make it basic and turn the litmus paper blue. The solution retain its yellow color with no precipitate. Seven drops of 0.1 m K2C2O4 were added which caused the formation of a slim amount of white precipitate. The small amount of precipitate was dissolved in ten drops of 6 M HCl. A small schnorr was used to soak up a small amount of solution. Using a bunsen burner burner, the solution soaked sponge was placed into the contribute of the blue kindle. The burn up was initially orange and thence had sporadic bursts of red flame which confirmed the presence of Ca2+. A small amount of the schoolmaster unknown solution C is absorbed by a section of sponge. A flame test is performed victimization a Bunsen burner. The solution soaked sponge produced an orange-yellow flame however, the yellow was not very prominent. The solution did contain Na+, but not in a substantially large amount.2 mL of original unknown solution C and 2 mL of 6 M NaOH were combined in an evaporating dish. Litmus paper was wetted with water and placed on the bottom of a watch glass. The litmus paper watch glass was placed over the evaporating dish. The litmus paper without extra heating outright turned blue which confirms the presence of basic NH4+. ResultsTable for recondite CPb2+ Ag+ Fe3+ Ni2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ NH4+ Na+Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes YesDiscussionThe lead ion was tack by making a supernate from water and the precipitate formed by mixing the unknown solution and 6 M HCl and decanting out the supernate. The unknown solution and HCl were added to a test tube and centrifuged to separate the precipitate from the supernate. The supernate was then decanted from the precipitate. water system was added to the precipitate and put into a hot-water bath. There was no precipitate formed after the solution was heated and centrifuged which confirmed the absence of the silver ion. The addition of K2CrO4 caused a yellow precipitate to form in the sup ernate. The formation of the yellow cloudy precipitate confirmed the presence of the lead ion.The press ion was ensnare by victorious the supernate from group I and making a precipitate by mixing it with 2 M NH4Cl and 15 M NH3. The precipitate was mixed with 12 M HCl and 16 M HNO3 and heated in a hot water bath until the precipitate was alone dissolved. The supernate was then divided equally into two test tubes. One of the samples was combined with 0.2 M KSCN to form a blood-red precipitate which confirmed the presence of the iron ion.The second supernate sample was used in plus the presence of nickel. 6 M NH3 was added to the supernate, but 15 M NH3 had to be used to make the solution basic. After centrifuging and decanting out the precipitate formed, the dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the supernate and created a deep pink precipitate that confirmed the presence of nickel. The supernate from the group III sample was mixed with 6 M CH3CO2H and 1 M K2CrO4. There was no pr ecipitate that formed which confirmed the absence of the barium ion.The calcium ion was found by using the supernate from the previous test and adding 15 M NH3 until the solution was basic. The precipitate was then centrifuged out and discarded. The addition of 0.1 M K2C2O4 created a small amount of white precipitate that paint a pictureed the presence of the calcium ion, but a flame test was conducted to confirm the presence of calcium. The expected red-orange flame produced by a solution soaked sponge confirmed the presence of calcium in the unknown solution.Ammonium ions were found by combining the original unknown solution and 6 M NaOH in an evaporating dish and scrutiny if the fumes were basic. Moist litmus paper was stuck to the bottom of a watch glass which was then placed over the top of the evaporating dish. The litmus paper immediately turning blue proves the existence of ammonium ions.The atomic number 11 ion was found by performing a flame test on the original unknown solution. The original solution was added to a sponge which was put into a flame which showed a yellow-orange flame which shows the presence of atomic number 11 ions, but the intensity of the yellow did not suggest that there was a significant amount of sodium. The flame tests seem to be not as blameless since the sponge alone would burn an orange flame. vigilance to the small bursts of reds and yellows in the dominate orange flame had to be highly focused since it was one of the only indications of which ions were present in the unknown solution.Conclusion by dint of the formation of precipitates and supernates, the additions of acids and bases, the additions of highly concentrated solutions, and flame tests particular proposition ions were separated out in order to determine the characteristics of the unknown solution. Unknown solution C was found in conclusion to the experiment to contain the cations lead, iron, nickel, calcium, ammonium, and sodium.